LPIC-2-Scratchpad

LPIC-2-Scratchpad

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201.2 Compiling a kernel⌘

https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-2/exam-201

Why to compile the kernel?⌘

• To enable specific drivers / modules
• To enable experimental features and drivers
• To modularize the kernel
• To reduce kernel size
• To develop kernel modules
• To reproduce the kernel used by someone else
• To pick up a girl :)

Kernel compilation and installation⌘

• Download kernel source code from the official Linux kernel website
• Extract kernel archive inside the /usr/src directory
• Configure the kernel using proper make target
• Compile the kernel into a desired format
• Compile kernel modules
• Install kernel modules
• Install the kernel
• Create initrd or initramfs
• Point the bootloader at the new kernel

Make targets⌘

• make config - configures the kernel using a CLI-base dialog
• make menuconfig - configures the kernel using a CLI-based menu
• make xconfig - configures the kernel using a GUI-based menu
• make oldconfig - configures the kernel using the .config file
• make - compiles the kernel in the vmlinux format
• make zimage - compiles the kernel in the zImage form
• make bzimage - compiles the kernel in the bzImage format
• make modules - compiles kernel modules
• make modules_install - installs kernel modules into the /lib/modules/ directory
• make mrproper - restores the build directory to its original state

Initrd and Initramfs⌘

• INITRD (INITial Ram Disk):
  • initrd.img-[kernel version]
  • image containing temporary file system binaries
  • loaded into memory (/dev/ram device) during the boot process and mounted as an initial root filesystem
  • contains programs necessary for hardware detection, kernel modules loading and hardware detection
• INITRAMFS (INITial RAM FileSystem):
  • initramfs.img-[kernel version]
  • cpio archive fulfilling the same functions as initrd, but omitting some of its limitations
• Management tools:
  • mkinitrd - creates initrd
  • mkinitramfs - creates initramfs
• Lab Exercise 201.2

204.3 Logical Volume Manager⌘

https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-2/exam-201

General concept and basic terms⌘

• LVM structure:
  • Physical Volume - physical block device (e.g. partition, disk, RAID device)
  • Volume Group - virtual container consisting of one or more Physical Volumes
  • Logical Volume - virtual block device provided by the Volume Group
• Device Mapper - kernel driver which passes data from virtual device to block device
• /dev/mapper - contains files of virtual devices provided by the Device Mapper
• lvm2 - package containing LVM binaries and libraries

Physical Volume management tools⌘

• pvcreate - initializes a Physical Volume on the physical device
• pvremove - removes the Physical Volume
• pvdisplay - displays Physical Volume's attributes
• pvchange - changes Physical Volume's attributes
• pvs - displays Physical Volume's information
• pvresize - changes size of the Physical Volume
• pvscan - scans all system devices for Physical Volumes
• pvmove - moves physical extents from one Physical Volume to another

Volume Group management tools⌘

• vgcreate - creates a Volume Group from the Physical Volumes
• vgremove - removes the Volume Group
• vgdisplay - displays Volume Group's attributes
• vgchange - changes Volume Group's attributes
• vgrename - changes name of the Volume Group
• vgs - displays Volume Group's information
• vgextend - adds a Physical Volume to the Volume Group
• vgreduce - removes a Physical Volume from the Volume Group
• vgscan - scans all system devices for Volume Groups
• vgmerge - merges two separate Volume Groups into a single Volume Group
• vgsplit - splits the Volume Group into two separate Volume Groups

Logical Volume management tools⌘

• lvcreate - creates a Logical Volume from the Volume Group
• lvremove - removes the Logical Volume
• lvdisplay - displays Logical Volume's attributes
• lvchange - changes Logical Volume's attributes
• lvrename - changes name of the Logical Volume
• lvresize - changes size of the Logical Volume
• lvs - displays Logical Volume's information
• lvextend - extends size of the Logical Volume
• lvreduce - reduces size of the Logical Volume
• lvscan - scans all system devices for Logical Volumes
• Lab Exercise 204.3

205.1 Basic networking configuration⌘

https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-2/exam-201

Network interfaces configuration⌘

• Configuration files:
  • /etc/network/interfaces - on Debian systems
  • /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-[interface name] - on RedHat systems
• Configuration tools:
  • ifconfig - network interface configuration tool
  • ifup - brings network interface up
  • ifdown - brings network interface down
• Supporting tools"
  • arp - displays ARP table

Wireless network interfaces configuration⌘

• Wireless network specific parameters:
  • ESSID - wireless network name
  • PSK - pre-shared key
  • frequency, channel, modulation, etc.
• Configuration files:
  • /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf - wpa_supplicant configuration file
• Configuration tools:
  • iwconfig - wireless network interface configuration tool
  • iwlist - displays parameters of wireless network interfaces
• Most often configured via Desktop environment

Routing configuration⌘

• Manual:
  • route command:

route add -net [network IP] netmask [SM] gw [next hop IP] [interface name]

• • ip route command:

ip route add [network IP / SM] via [next hop IP] dev [interface name]

• Via configuration files:
  • Debian (/etc/network/interfaces):

up [manual command]

• • RedHat (/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-[interface name]):

[network IP/ SM] via [next hop IP] dev [interface name]

• Lab Exercise 205.1