Test Automation with Selenium (Java Track)

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Test Automation with Selenium (Java Track)


Introduction to Selenium

Selenium consists of a set of tools

  • Selenium IDE
  • Firefox add-on
  • Simple record and play back of browser interactions
  • Selenium WebDriver
  • Create programs to automate web browser's
  • There are programmatic drivers for most of the common Browsers
  • i.e. Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Chrome, etc.
  • Given the various web browser drivers - thus the name WebDriver

Selenium IDE Introduction

  • Selenium IDE is useful for building starting test cases or test suites
It allows recording of user interactions with the browser (Firefox)
It allows building of test cases by adding commands and HTML elements they will act upon
It allows the test cases to be run (to make sure they work)
It allows the test cases to be saved in various languages such as Java

Selenium WebDriver Introduction

  • Selenium WebDriver is a tool that automates browsers
  • Automation refers to giving commands to a browser
  • For example: browser open, browser go to web site page, browser give me the tags of this type, browser close.
  • When given the commands the browser can be watched as it opens, goes to pages, closes, etc.

  • Selenium WebDriver is a tool that can make assertions about web page data and tags
  • Assertions when using Java are from the Java JUnit modules
  • Assertions are questions that that can be answered as true or false
  • Does this web page have the following data?
  • Does this web page have the following HTML tag?
  • Does this web page exist?
  • Assertions can be failed

  • Selenium WebDriver is a tool that can put data into form inputs on a web page
  • Put in a username and password
  • Put in a search term
  • Fill out a profile for a user

  • This makes Selenium WebDriver a very powerful tool for the testing of web pages and content

Selenium WebDriver

  • A browser WebDriver has a set of Programming Bindings
  • These bindings allow a program to automate the Browser
  • For example the following Java code opens a Firefox browser, gets Yahoo's main page, and finds an element in that page
browser = webdriver.Firefox() # Get local session of firefox
browser.get("http://www.yahoo.com") # Load page
assert "Yahoo!" in browser.title
elem = browser.find_element_by_name("p") # Find the query box
driver.quit() # Close the browser window 
  • There are Selenium bindings in several programming languages
  • Java is one language for which bindings exist
  • These allow a Java program to control a browser
  • The browser can be instructed to;
  • Open
  • Request web pages from sites
  • Close
  • Once a page is retrieved it can have:
  • Its elements analyzed
  • Its inputs filled with data (i.e. HTML form inputs)
  • For example a search box or a username and password filled in
  • The form can be submitted
References
Selenium Documentation
WebDriver API by Example
Using JUnit Assert Statements
Selenium JavaDocs

WebDriver Installation and Configuration

The following sections describe the steps to be WebDriver installed they include:

  • Install the Java JDK
  • Install the Eclipse IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
  • Download Selenium Java Bindings Package for WebDriver
  • Configure Eclipse to use WebDriver libaries in a project

Install Java JDK

  • Go to the oracle.com Java downloads page referenced below and download the latest version of the Java JDK
Presently this is version 8u45 (make sure that you get the JDK
For Windows get the 64 (x64) or 32(x86) bit version depending upon your type of system
Is your computer a 64 bit or 32 bit computer?
Windows see Windows running 64 or 32 bit?
Mac see Mac OS X running 64 or 32 bit?
  • Install Java using the installer for your operating system type (Windows, Mac OS X)
  • Put the Java folder into your environment's path variable
Make sure you do not delete your path by mistake, it is hard to get it back
Hands on Exercise - Install Java JDK:
Using the following document install the Java JDK that corresponds to the type of Operating system that exists on your computer (Windows, Mac OS, Linux x64, etc.). The installation steps will be approximately the same for each operating system.
Installing the JDK
Reference

Oracle Java SE Downloads

Install Eclipse

  • Go to the Eclipse.org download page and get the latest version of Eclipse (see link below in References)
  • Extract the zip file into a folder in a well known location
  • Create a workspace folder in a well known location
    • Usually it is best to create a folder and place both Eclipse and the workspace in that folder
    • So that they are together
  • Create a shortcut to the eclipse.exe file on the desktop (at least for Windows)
Hands on Exercise - Install Eclipse:
Using the following instructions install Eclipse on your computer. Eclipse is an Integrated Development Environment commonly used by developers. Installation steps will be approximately the same for all operating systems. There is only one installation zip file for all operating systems.
Installing Eclipse
Reference

Eclipse Download Page

Download the Selenium WebDriver Bindings for Java

  • Go to the Selenium WebDriver download page and get the Java Bindings
    • You will also want to bookmark the Javadocs page
  • Unzip the bindings folder i.e. selenium-2.46.0 into a well known location
    • They will be imported (for lack of a better word) into your Eclipse Selenium project
References

Selenium Downloads Page

Configure Eclipse IDE with WebDriver

  • Launch Eclipse and choose the workspace folder you created when asked for a workspace
  • Create a new Java Project
  • Go to the Project's "Java Build Path"
  • Add the Selenium WebDriver JAR files to the Libraries tab
    • Click on Add External Libraries
    • Add all jars inside and outside of the lib folder

Selenium Java Primer

  • Selenium WebDriver uses a set of programmatic bindings
  • These allow automation of various web browsers
Such as Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Chrome, etc.
  • The bindings are written for several programming languages
Such as Phython, Java, Ruby, JavaScript, PHP, C#, etc.
  • To use Java the language must be understood
    • Which is the purpose of the following References from the web
    • Depending upon the programming skills of those in attendance go over
      • Classes
      • Packages
      • Methods
      • Constructors
      • Eclipse Debugging (walk through the code)
      • The public static void main method
      • Variables (Local and Class Instance)
      • Control statements if, if/else, while, for, switch
      • Standard Libraries
      • Arrays, linked lists, hashmaps
      • Inheritance
      • Method overloading
      • Selenium WebDriver Classes
      • JUnit Tests
      • Exporting Selenium IDE commands as Java
References
TutorialsPoint Java Tutorial
Jenkov Java Tutorial
Java Beginners Tutorial
Java Tutorial
Oracle Java Tutorials
Selenium JavaDocs

XPath Navigation Primer

  • XPath is used to navigate through elements in a XML document
  • HTML is a subset of XML when properly formated
  • XPath can be used to navigate through elements in an HTML document
  • XPath is used in Selenium as element locators

XPath Primer

Cascading Style Sheets

  • Cascading Style Sheet selectors can be to locate elements
This is similar to using XPath locators
  • In CSS the following symbols are used:
. - this refers to a tag's class attribute
# - this refers to an tag's id attribute
  • Note that CSS may not work at times because the attributes will not give a unique element
For example classes may be used multiple times in a page on various tags
  • Note that in using CSS only the selectors are being used
  • General form of the selector:
css=<HTML tag><.or #><value of class or id attribute>

Example
css=input#Password[type='password'][name='Passwd']
css=#reauthEmail


References
Using CSS selectors as element locators
CSS and XPath Cheat Sheet
W3Schools CSS Tutorial

HTML Tags

  • The easiest way to learn/use HTML is to use online references
Here are a couple of the best ones
Look up others using a search engine i.e. Google etc.
References
W3Schools on HTML Tags
TutorialsPoint Tutorial on HTML

Set Up a Tomcat server for Testing (Optional)

Understanding the development process

  • It may be a good idea to have a web server
It helps to have HTML elements isolated so you can determine how to set up Selenium commands
It helps in working with AJAX elements to have them isolated
It helps in training to have a server with examples that WebDriver Or Selenium IDE can run against
  • Tomcat is open source and fairly easy to set up

Set up a Tomcat development web server

  • The web server builds and serves web pages to browsers
    • Browsers - Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari, etc.
  • A Development web server generally is on a developer's computer
    • The code base is put onto the server such that the developer can step through web pages that are built by the server.
    • These days this is usually done in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
      • Eclipse
      • Netbeans
      • Visual Studio
      • Intellij

Install the Java SE JDK

Hands on Exercise - Install the Java JDK:
Using the following document install the Java JDK that corresponds to the type of Operating system that exists on your computer (Windows, Mac OS, Linux x64, etc.). The installation steps will be approximately the same for each operating system.
Installing the JDK

Install Eclipse IDE

Hands on Exercise - Install an Integrated Development Environment (IDE):
Using the following instructions install Eclipse on your computer. Eclipse is an Integrated Development Environment commonly used by developers. Installation steps will be approximately the same for all operating systems. There is only one installation zip file for all operating systems.
Installing Eclipse

Install Apache Tomcat

Hands on Exercise - Install a Web Server
Install Tomcat on Windows
Install a WAR file into Tomcat Selenium Testing WAR
The WAR file goes into the Tomcat webapps directory

WebDriver - Using Java JUnit

  • JUnit specifies a series of test cases that are to be run against a web site
  • It allows a setUp method and a tearDown method
These two are run before and after each test case in the Unit Test
Each test must be a method that starts with "test"
  • Assert methods are provided by the Testcase base class
  • Tests can be skipped by using appropriate decoration
i.e. @unittest.skip("demonstrating skipping")


Example of UnitTest

package com.example.tests;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

public class BuildFormsTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
  private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @Test
  public void testBuildFormsTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");

    // the test code goes here

  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    driver.quit();
    String verificationErrorString = verificationErrors.toString();
    if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
      fail(verificationErrorString);
    }
  }
}
  • JUnit has a testSuite class which can aggregate tests.
Hands on Exercise - Install Java JDK:
  • Go over JUnit at the the following url TutorialsPoint JUnit Tutorial
  • Create a test that will go to the Google homepage and check for some text on the site (assertion)
  • The test should have Before, After and Test methods
  • Create a second test that will go to the Yahoo website and check for some text (assertion)
  • Create a test suite that includes these two tests.
References
TutorialsPoint JUnit Tutorial
Another JUnit Tutorial
JUnit JavaDocs

WebDriver - Using TestNG

  • Testing code in various ways - unit, functional, regression, and integration
  • Use thread pools in various ways
  • Use dependencies between test methods, i.e. method 2 depends upon method 1 being successful
@Test
public correctVM() {}
@Test
public serverStartedOk() {}
@Test(dependsOnMethods = { "correctVM", "serverStartedOk" })
public method1() {}
...
  • Test Groups and group dependencies
@Test(groups = { "init" })
public correctVM() {}
@Test(groups = { "init" })
public serverStartedOk() {}
@Test(dependsOnGroups = { "init.* })
public method1() {}
...

Simple Example of Selenium using TestNG

  • An example of a TestNG Selenium test
  • Note the BeforeTest, AfterTest and Test annotations
  • Note the usage of the Selenium WebDriver bindings
package com.example.tests;

import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterTest;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import static org.testng.Assert.*;  //used for assertions

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BuildFormsTestNG {
	private WebDriver driver;
	String verificationErrorString = ""; //used to set up any verification errors
	
	@BeforeTest
	  public void setUp() throws Exception {
	    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
	    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
	  }
	
	@Test 
	public void testBuildFormsTestNG() throws Exception {
	    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
	    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forms Demo")).click();

	    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
	    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("Hermione");
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).clear();
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("");
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("Gran");
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("ger");

	    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
	      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();
	    };
	
	    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
	      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
	    };
	
	    new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']"))).selectByVisibleText("Audi");
	    driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]")).click();
	    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();
	}
	
	  @AfterTest
	  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
	    driver.quit();
	    if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
	      fail(verificationErrorString);
	    }
	  }
}

Install the Eclipse TestNG plugin

References
Install TestNG in Eclipse
SeleniumEasy TestNG Tutorials
ASJava TestNG Tutorials

WebDriver - Using The Java Bindings

  • The Java Bindings are a set of classes and functions that enable WebDriver in a Java program
  • To use them generally it is best to program in an IDE such as Eclipse
  • When stuck with WebDriver, solutions can be found:
By recording a session with Selenium IDE and then export to Java
By building a session in Selenium IDE manually while testing each step
Does each step work?
Try different locators when the commands with locators are failing
Put in echo statements to debug
Put in pauses to see what is happening
Reduce the complexity of the HTML so it is easier to work with a page
You May need a web server of your own to test the commands
By web searches for solutions to the problem
  • The general steps in using the bindings are listed in an approximate order below

Choose which WebDriver browser to use

  • There are drivers for most common browsers
  • The driver can be set up in the code of a Java application
  • The driver can be set up in the setup method of a JUnit test (see section below)
In the image below the various Browser classes can be seen in Eclipse

Browser Drivers in Eclipse

Load a Page

  • To load a page the webdriver Browser classes have get methods

For example in the Firefox driver the code is:

driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
  • Generally it is a good practice to wait until the web page has loaded before using it
    • This can be done using either an implicit or explicit wait

Explicit or Implicit Wait

  • Mixing explicit and implicit waits can cause unpredictable waits

Explicit Waits

  • Explicit waits makes the web driver wait for a certain condition to occur
  • This can be done using WebDriverWait along with an ExpectedCondition
It should be noted that the locator is very important.
XPath seems to be a good way of specifying the locator
Note that this example is one where a page is loaded
It is not using AJAX

Example in Java

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");
WebElement myDynamicElement = (new WebDriverWait(driver, 10))
  .until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.id("myDynamicElement")));
  • Common Expected Conditions
Most of these work with a page being loaded
Only some of them work with AJAX
For example the title of the page will not change with AJAX
However, some elements, their attributes, or their child text contents will change with AJAX
    titleIs
    titleContains
    presenceOfElementLocated
    visibilityOfElementLocated
    visibilityOf
    presenceOfAllElementsLocated
    textToBePresentInElement
    textToBePresentInElementValue
    frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt
    invisibilityOfElementLocated
    elementToBeClickable - it is Displayed and Enabled.
    stalenessOf
    elementToBeSelected
    elementSelectionStateToBe
    alertIsPresent

See the topic further below on AJAX

References

WebDriver Advanced Usage
Selenium ExpectedCondition JavaDocs
Practical Use of Waits

Implicit Waits

  • Implicit waits make the web driver wait for a certain amount of time
  • Once set in the WebDriver it stays until the WebDriver quits

Example of Implicit Wait


import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class BuildFormsTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  
  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

References
Implicit and Explicit waits
Selenium Advanced Usage
Some more discussion and examples

Locating UI Elements

  • For HTML pages the elements are the HTML tags i.e. div, a, span, input, iframe, etc.
  • A tag usually needs to be located so that it can be clicked, have text entered, be selected, etc.
  • There are several ways to locate an element on the page
  • The most useful of these are listed below

By id

  • Find an element by using its id attribute
  • For example the html and its locator would be
The HTML:
<div id="idOfElement">some text or other HTML</div>

The locator examples:
element = driver.findElement(By.id("idOfElement"))
driver.findElement(By.id("div1")).click()

Note: pages often have the same ids for numerous elements so the use of this locator may be limited

By Name

  • Find an element using the name attribute
The HTML:
<input type="text" name="FirstName" value="First Name">

The locator example:
driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();

ByXPath

  • XPath is a very useful locator since it can distinguish most elements
  • For AJAX modified or created elements it works very well
The HTML:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike"> I have a bike<br>

The locator example:
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();

By Link Text

  • Locate a link ("a" tag> element by the link text
The HTML:
<a href="formsDemo.jsp">Forms Demo</a>

The locator:
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forms Demo")).click();

By Partial Link Text

  • Find a link ("a" tag) by partial link text
The HTML
<a href="formsDemo.jsp">Forms Demo</a>

The locator:
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Forms Demo")).click();


References
Selenium Driver findElement
WebDriver Commands and Operations
Firefox WebDriver Element Locator Add-on
Writing Reliable Locators
Regular expression tester

User Input in Forms

  • HTML Forms take input from users
  • In general they have:
Textboxes
Checkboxes
Radio Buttons
Select dropdowns with options
  • Testing these requires
locating the correct element
Entering text
Clicking on elements and options
Clicking on submit
Checking the data on the action page
The action page is the page that submit invokes
  • One of the most useful ways of locating an element is by XPath
# Example of entering text
driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("Hermione");

# Example of clicking checkboxes
if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();

# Example of click radio buttons
driver.find_element_by_xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]").click()

# Example of choosing an entry in a drop down select list
new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']"))).selectByVisibleText("Audi");

# Example of click the submit button
findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();
Hands on Exercise
  • Go to the page on the Tomcat server
http://ServerAddress:8080/Web_Project_1/userForm.jsp
  • Write a WebDriver program that will:
fill the username and password
Click on the submit button
Assert whether the login has succeeded
Prove that the login effects the page "anotherPage.jsp"

Handle Alerts

  • Alerts are handled with the Alert class
Accept and dismiss alerts
Enter Text into prompt alerts
  • The alert can be switched_to using the webdriver object

Example of code that popups up an Alert

<p>Click the button to display a confirm box.</p>

<button onclick="myFunction1()">Try it</button>

<p id="demo"></p>

<script>
<!--
function myFunction1() {
    var x;
    if (confirm("Press a button!") == true) {
        x = "You pressed OK!";
    } else {
        x = "You pressed Cancel!";
    }
    document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x;
}
//-->
</script>


Examples of Java Selenium JUnit Alert Testing code

package com.example.tests;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class AlertTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
  private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @Test
  public void testAlertTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Popup Window Demos")).click();
    
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[@onclick='myFunction1()']")).click();
    Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
    String alertText = alert.getText();
    assertEquals("Press a button!", alertText);
    String pageSource = driver.getPageSource();
    int index = pageSource.indexOf("You pressed OK!");
    boolean contains = index >= 0;
    assertEquals(contains, true);
  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    driver.quit();
  }
  • Note that when using Selenese the Alerts do not actually popup
Although they test correctly
  • Note that when using the Java bindings the Alerts do popup

Hands on Exercise

If possible work in groups to do this hands on exercise
  • Using the example code for putting up an Alert on a web page
  • Using the example Selenium code for testing an alert
  • Do the following
Write a simple set of HTML code that will put up an Alert
Put it onto the test Tomcat server
Prove that it works by accessing it
Write a Selenium program in Java that will test the Alert
Run the Selenium test against the web page


References

Selenium Alert Handling JavaScript Alerts

Interact with Popup Windows

  • Popup Windows can be invoked by:
JavaScript (see the example below)
Targets on a link ("a" tag)
  • To test these windows it is necessary to switch to them and then test

Example HTML code that will be in a popup window

<html>
<head>
<meta charset="ISO-8859-1">
<title>New Popup Window</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a popup</h1>

<h2>Please fill in the form</h2>
<br/>
<form action="seleniumTestAction.jsp">
First name: <input type="text" name="FirstName" value="First Name"><br>
<br/><br/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>

Code that pops up the window

<a href="smallPopup.html" onClick="return popup(this, 'notes')">Display a popup</a>

<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript">
<!--
function popup(mylink, windowname)
{
if (! window.focus)return true;
var href;
if (typeof(mylink) == 'string')
   href=mylink;
else
   href=mylink.href;
window.open(href, windowname, 'width=400,height=200,scrollbars=yes');
return false;
}

Selenium test code for popup window

  • Note that this test uses the window title to find its handle
    • The window url could also be used since the driver is being asked for title (or URL) of each open window
  public void testPopupWindowTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Popup Window Demos")).click();
    
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[contains(@href, 'smallPopup.html')]")).click();
    
    String newWindowHandle = switchToWindowUsingTitle("New Popup Window")
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("John");
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();
    
  }
   private String switchToWindowUsingTitle(String windowTitle) {
      Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();
      for (String window : windows) {
         driver.switchTo().window(window);
         if (driver.getTitle().contains(windowTitle)) {
            return driver.getWindowHandle();
         }
      }
      return "Window Not Found";
   }
  • Node that when using Selenese the window does not actually popup
Although they test correctly
  • In Java WebDriver it does popup correctly

Hands on Exercise

  • Build a test program using the Selenium Test Code above
  • Test the popup window that can be seen at:
Go to http://servername:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp
Go To link Popup Window Demos
Go to link Display a Test Popup

Navigation in History and Location

  • Moving backwards and forwards in history is accomplished with commands
  • driver.navigate().forward();
  • driver.navigate().back();

Cookies

  • With Selenium Cookies can be added, deleted, and retrieved
For example, making sure that a cookie was correctly added can be tested

The following example of cookie use is from the Selenium website

Reference See Selenium Site on WebDriver
# Go to the correct domain
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Now set the cookie. Here's one for the entire domain
# the cookie name here is 'key' and its value is 'value'
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key", "value");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);

# And now output all the available cookies for the current URL
Set<Cookie> allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) {
    System.out.println(String.format("%s -> %s", loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue()));
}
# You can delete cookies in 2 ways
# By name
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("CookieName");
# Or all of them
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

Compare Python to Java Bindings

  • Here is the code for testing the same page in Python and Java
The first uses the Python Selenium Bindings
The second uses the Java Selenium Bindings
Both sets of code came from using the Selenium IDE to prototype and then export to the two languages
The code was corrected after export to eliminate small errors made by Selenium in translating from Selenese
  • Note that both sets of code have several methods that are courtesy methods that can be used by the programmer
For example to work with JavaScript Alerts
The methods that are not test, setup, or teardown

Python Bindings code

class BuildFormsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        self.base_url = "http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp"
        self.verificationErrors = []
        self.accept_next_alert = True
    
    def test_build_forms_test_case(self):
        driver = self.driver
        driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp")
        driver.find_element_by_link_text("Forms Demo").click()
        print("going to write in text boxes")
        driver.find_element_by_name("FirstName").clear()
        driver.find_element_by_name("FirstName").send_keys("Hermione")
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").clear()
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").send_keys("")
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").send_keys("Gran")
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").send_keys("ger")
        print("going to check boxes")
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").click()
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").click()
        print("Going to click on I have a bike again")
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        print("going to select dropdown")
        Select(driver.find_element_by_xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']")).select_by_visible_text("Audi")
        print("going to radio buttons")
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]").click()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='gender'][1]").click()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]").click()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Submit']").click()
    
    def is_element_present(self, how, what):
        try: self.driver.find_element(by=how, value=what)
        except NoSuchElementException as e:
            return False
        return True
    
    def is_alert_present(self):
        try: self.driver.switch_to.alert()
        except NoAlertPresentException as e:
            return False
        return True
    
    def close_alert_and_get_its_text(self):
        try:
            alert = self.driver.switch_to.alert()
            alert_text = alert.text
            if self.accept_next_alert:
                alert.accept()
            else:
                alert.dismiss()
            return alert_text
        finally: self.accept_next_alert = True
    
    def tearDown(self):
        self.driver.quit()
        self.assertEqual([], self.verificationErrors)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()


Java Bindings code

package com.example.tests;

import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

public class BuildFormsTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  private String baseUrl;
  private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
  private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    baseUrl = "http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/";
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @Test
  public void testBuildFormsTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forms Demo")).click();
    System.out.println("going to write in text boxes");
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("Hermione");
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).clear();
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("");
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("Gran");
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("ger");
    System.out.println("going to check boxes");
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();
    };
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();
    };
    System.out.println("Going to click on I have a bike again");
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    System.out.println("going to select dropdown");
    new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']"))).selectByVisibleText("Audi");
    System.out.println("going to radio buttons");
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//input[@name='sex'])[2]")).click();
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='sex'][1]")).click();
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//input[@name='sex'])[2]")).click();
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();
  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    driver.quit();
    String verificationErrorString = verificationErrors.toString();
    if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
      fail(verificationErrorString);
    }
  }

  private boolean isElementPresent(By by) {
    try {
      driver.findElement(by);
      return true;
    } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  private boolean isAlertPresent() {
    try {
      driver.switchTo().alert();
      return true;
    } catch (NoAlertPresentException e) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  private String closeAlertAndGetItsText() {
    try {
      Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
      String alertText = alert.getText();
      if (acceptNextAlert) {
        alert.accept();
      } else {
        alert.dismiss();
      }
      return alertText;
    } finally {
      acceptNextAlert = true;
    }
  }
}

WebDriver - Read and Write Files

  • File can be written and read from within the Java Test code
  • The standard Java techniques of opening, reading, and writing files are used

Example of writing a file

PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter("filename.txt", "UTF-8");
writer.println("The first line");
writer.println("The second line");
writer.close();

Example of reading a file

String fileName = "c:\\temp\\filename.txt";

FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(fileName); 
    
//specify UTF-8 encoding explicitly
InputStreamReader inputStreamReader = new InputStreamReader(fileInputStream, "UTF-8");
    
try (BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(inputStreamReader)) {
  String line;
  while((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
     System.out.println(line);
  }
}

Hands on Exercise Write a test that does the following

  • read a username and password from a file
  • Use those to test the user login on the web page:
http://nameOfServer:8080/Web_Project_1/userForm.jsp
This is a page in the Web Project 1 WAR file
See the Section on Selenium Sample Zip Files
References

Ways of writing a file Reading and writing files Read a file 15 Ways to read a file

WebDriver - Parse a Web Page

  • Parsing a web page is done using Java code within your test
    • It can be done by manipulating Strings using String methods i.e. substrings and indexOf etc.
    • It can be done by using xpath or css locators with the driver findElements method

An Example of Parsing a web page to find many elements

  • Find all of the top stories on the Boston Globe
    • Check to see if the urls have content on their pages
  @Test
  public void testPopupWindowTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://www.boston.com/?refresh=true");   
    List<WebElement> urlList = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//ul[@class=\"headline-list__list js-split-list js-add-p1\"]/li[@class=\"headline-list__item\"]/a"));
    
    for (WebElement listItem :urlList){
    	String href = listItem.getAttribute("href");
    	System.out.println("the top story url is " + href); // used to debug
        //get the pages here and check them for content with assert statements
    }
  }

WebDriver with AJAX Modified Pages

  • What is AJAX
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
In JavaScript communication occurs with a server
The server data is then used to modify a portion of a page
A page reload does not occur
Thus portions of a page can be modified with data from a server
  • Testing AJAX
Page loading does not occur
The tester must determine what constitutes a change on the page
What are the characteristics of the change
Text change?
Elements are added?
Element contents change?
Once the change characteristics are determined
A test must be devised that can recognize the changes
The test must wait for the changes to occur
Network and server delay time is possible

An Example of AJAX from a JavaServer Page (JSP)

<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Test AJAX functionality</title>
<script>
function loadDoc()
{
	// set up to make an ajax request to a server
	var httpRequest;
	if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // Mozilla, Safari, IE7+ ...
	    httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
	} else if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE 6 and older
	    httpRequest = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
	}
	//define the function that will handle the response from the server
	// note that this is a javascript shorthand method of defining an anonymous function
	httpRequest.onreadystatechange = function() {
		if (httpRequest.readyState==4 && httpRequest.status==200) {
			
	        document.getElementById('div1').innerHTML=httpRequest.responseText;

	    }
	}
        // Make the request to the server once the response occurs it will jump to the handler function
	httpRequest.open('GET', 'http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/ajaxResponseServlet', true);
	httpRequest.send(null);
}
</script>

</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" style="cursor: pointer" onclick="loadDoc()">Click Here for AJAX response</div>
</body>
</html>

Changes caused by the AJAX call are

The div tag with id="div1" has its innerHTML (i.e. Click Here for AJAX response) replaced with:

<div>Ajax response from Servlet</div>
<div>Hello Glad to hear from you</div>
<div>It is a nice day</div>

This gives a different a structure to the html of the page along with different content


  • How to test AJAX changes to a page
Load the page
Perform an action that invokes the AJAX code to change the page
Wait for the change to occur
Check that the changes is correct with an Selenium WebDriver assertion
Or a Selenium IDE assert or verify command (when prototyping your code)

Example of WebDriver Code to test an AJAX change

  @Test
  public void testAjaxWaitForElementPresent() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/ajaxTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.id("div1")).click();
    
    //wait for a div within div1 to show up
    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,30);
    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.xpath("//div[@id='div1']/div")));
    
    /* code as generated from Selenium IDE was
    for (int second = 0;; second++) {
    	if (second >= 60) fail("timeout");
    	try { if (isElementPresent(By.xpath("//div[@id='div1']/div"))) break; } catch (Exception e) {}
    	Thread.sleep(1000);
    }
    */
    try {
      assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("BODY")).getText().matches("^[\\s\\S]*response from Servlet[\\s\\S]*$"));
    } catch (Error e) {
      verificationErrors.append(e.toString());
    }
  }

Hands on Exercise
Start the Tomcat server that has Web_Project_1 on it as an application
Determine how to write a test that will check for the contents of the second div tag that is a child of the //div[@id='div1'] tag
Use an XPath to do the above
Use JUnit tests to specify your test case
Write an assertion
Make the unit test both succeed and fail by changing your Java code
Most likely changing the assertion makes the most sense
See what happens if you introduce an error in the XPath

References

SeleniumEasy on AJAX
Stackoverflow on Selenium ExpectedConditions
Getting Started with AJAX
AJAX Testing using WaitForCondition in Selenium IDE
Selenium WaitFor Commands in Selenium IDE

Running WebDriver JUnit Test Suite manually

  • From Eclipse export the project as a Runnable Jar File.
    • Put the jar file in a location that you can easily find
  • In Windows open a command prompt
  • Move to the folder that has the Runnable Jar File
  • execute the command java given below
java -jar NameOfTheJarFile.jar NameOfTheTestRunner
  • NameOfTheJarFile is the name given to the runnable jar
  • NameOfTheRestRunner is the test runner class created to run the test suite
    • See the section in this document on Building a Test Suite

Reusing Code with JAR files

  • Common code used in tests can be reused by packaging it in JAR files
    • For example reading files or writing files
  • To use JAR files
    • The JAR files are placed in the classpath
    • The tests can then use the JAR file classes by putting them into the -cp argument if running Java manually
    • Note that in Eclipse the JAR files would be included in the Build Path for the project

Building a test suite

  • Java JUnit can be used to build test suites
    • A test Suite runs several java files with test cases at the same time
    • A Test Suite class and a Runner class are required

Example of building and running a test suite

The Test Suite class

  • Note that it includes two of the test cases that were already written
package com.example.tests;

import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Suite;
@RunWith(Suite.class)
@Suite.SuiteClasses({
   AlertTestCase.class,
   BuildFormsTestCase.class
})
public class JunitTestSuite {   
}  	

The Test Runner class

  • It is just a main method that will run and start the test suite
package com.example.tests;

import org.junit.runner.JUnitCore;
import org.junit.runner.Result;
import org.junit.runner.notification.Failure;

public class TestRunner {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Result result = JUnitCore.runClasses(JunitTestSuite.class);
      for (Failure failure : result.getFailures()) {
         System.out.println(failure.toString());
      }
      System.out.println(result.wasSuccessful());
   }
}  	


References
TutorialsPoint on Test Suites
JavaCodeGeeks on Test Suites

Selenium IDE

  • Selenium IDE works from a simplistic programming language - Selenese
  • In the IDE you can specify Selenese commands
  • With the IDE you can record a session using the Firefox browser
The recording is in Selense, you can then
Run the test case
Modify the recording into the test case
Save the test case as Java
  • The IDE is useful for:
Prototyping
Getting a quick first pass at a test
Trying a prototype and then exporting to WebDriver Java Bindings

Selenese Primer

Record a test case

  • Go to a website that will be the starting point for recording
  • Turn on Recording by clicking the red button at the top right
  • Record a few actions
  • Stop and start recording whenever you want to
  • Build a prototype using some recording and some manual insertion of commands

Recording a Test Case Documentation

Build a test case

  • Open the Selenium IDE
  • First open a Firefox Browser
  • The IDE is an Add-on to the Firefox browser
Install the Add-on if it is not already present
This will give a "Selenium IDE menu item under tools in Firefox
  • Click on the Selenium IDE menu item to open the IDE
  • Commands can be added into the test one at a time
In the command window

Hands on Exercise

  • Open a Firefox browser
  • Open the Selenium IDE (from the Firefox browser)
  • Get the Selenium IDE Testcases Zip File
See the Section at the end of this document called Selenium Sample Zip Files
There is a link to the zip file in that section
  • Extract the Selenium Testcases folder into a well known location
  • In the Selenium IDE open the test called testcase2.html
  • Run this test case and watch the effect in the browser
  • Change the test case so that a different search term is put into Google
  • Run the test and watch the failure
  • Fix the test by choosing a different set of links to go to
Note that you can try getting new links by recording or manually
References
Selenium IDE Documentation
Selenium IDE Command Reference

Selenium Scheduler

  • The scheduler came out in version 2.9 of Selenium IDE
  • Click the scheduler button next to the record button in the upper right
    • Set up the time and test suite to schedule

Selenium with Chrome

  • To use Selenium with Chrome the chromeDriver.exe file must be downloaded to a well known location
  • Its location must be put into a system property
  • The Java code is changed to the following

Note the addition of the System.setProperty for the location of the chrome driver

public class BuildFormsTestCaseChrome {
	private WebDriver driver;
	private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
	private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

	@Before
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\WellKnownFolderPath\\chromeDriver.exe");
		driver = new ChromeDriver();
		driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
	}
References
Getting Started with Chrome Driver

Selenium Grid

  • Selenium Grid is use to run multiple tests in a distributed environment
The computer controlling the tests is called the hub
The computers being controlled are called the nodes
  • Using a distributed environment allows:
Testing faster depending on the number on nodes used
Note that this is not intended to stress test as you would with a tool like JMeter
For example JMeter slave nodes can simulate between 200 and 800 users per node
Testing with varying operating systems on the various nodes
Testing with varying browsers being used on the various nodes
Testing with various test sets per node

Example of Installing and Running the Grid

The hub and all nodes should have the same Selenium Server version
  • The download is a jar file which will be run using java
Note that you will need to have Java installed on the hub and node computers
It is best to have the same Java version on each computer
The Java JDK (Java Development Kit) is the most useful since it has most tools
It also has the JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
It can be downloaded from Oracle Java Standard Edition (SE)
See the Section in the Contents "Install the Java SE JDK"
  • Place the Selenium Server jar file in a location that is well known
Such as C:\SeleniumServer on Windows
It is best to place the jar files in approximately the same location on each computer
With slight variations caused by the various operating systems
  • Start the hub on the computer where you intend to control the grid
Open a command prompt and move to the directory where the jar file exists
Start the hub using the command java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.45.0.jar -role hub
The hub by default starts on port 4444

Starting the Grid hub

  • Check that the hub is running using a browser
The Selenium Documentation recommends turning off the Firewall on the hub and nodes
With the Firewall you may get connection errors
Go to URL http://localhost:4444/grid/console or
Click this link once the hub is started Hub Web Interface
The Grid Console runs in a Browser
The Grid Console will look like the following image once the remote host is started and it is refreshed

Selenium Grid Console

  • Check that the node computer can see the hub by doing the same command on the node
Replace the "localhost" with the IP address of the hub
Find the hub IP address using on Windows ipconfig in a command prompt
Look for IPv4 Address

Using ipconfig in a command prompt

  • Start a node computer using the following command:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.45.0.jar -role node -hub http://ipaddressOfHub:4444/grid/register -port 5555
The java -jar tells Java to run the main method within the indicated jar file
The name of the jar file is next selenium-server-stand...
The -role node (can also be webdriver) indicates that this is a node not the hub
The ipaddressOfHub should be the IP address of the computer running the hub
The 4444 is the port that the hub came up on, see the hub command above
The -port 5555 is the port that the node will come up on

Using ipconfig in a command prompt

  • Check that the node has registered by looking at the Hub's grid console
It should look like the prior image and show the connected nodes
Seeing the nodes and their configuration is the consoles main purpose (at this time)
The Hub's configuration can also be seen in the console

Example of a Java JUnit that is run on the Selenium Grid

  • To get a Java unit test to run on a node it driver code must be changed

The code as run locally is:

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

The changed code to run on a Grid node is:

Note that the IP address and port is the hub location and not the node
The hub determines which node is to be used for the test and transfers the testing on to that node
	@Before
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		nodeURL="http://10.0.0.5:4444/wd/hub";
		DesiredCapabilities capability = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
		capability.setBrowserName("firefox");
		capability.setPlatform(Platform.XP);
		URL theURL = new URL(nodeURL);
		driver = new RemoteWebDriver(theURL, capability);
		driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
	}
  • The command executor tells the location of the hub
  • The hub determines which node will run this set of tests
  • The desired capabilities (platform and browserName) comes from a roll-over of the browser icons in the node's Grid Console entry
For example, for Firefox roll the mouse over the Firefox icons under WebDriver in the console
For some reason the roll over says the platform is VISTA even though the node had Windows 7 in this example
Note that desired capabilities is a dictionary and therefore entries are in that form
  • Once this change is made to the code the code is run on the hub computer
The results (success or failure) come back to the program that is run on the hub
Not to the console window (which might be expected)
  • The test run can be seen in the command prompt on the node computer.
  • The browser window will open and walk through the test on the node computer.
The command window will look similar to the one below as the test is run

Command Prompt on the Grid node

Hands on Exercise

  • Using the instructions above start a hub and a node and run some tests
Use the test files from the Selenium Sample Zip Files section at the end of this document
The zip file to download and extract is under link "Eclipse Selenium Project"
Use Eclipse and the files in the zipped folder EclipseSelenium.zip
Import the project into Eclipse
Use the BuildFormsTestCaseGrid.java file as the test case


References
Official Selenium Grid Documentation
Introduction to Selenium Grid
Selenium Grid

Reporting Tools for Selenium

  • Selenium runs as either JUnit or TestNG test
  • Organizing the test results is useful
  • Methods of organizing the results are
    • Using HTML and web pages
    • Using Excel
    • Writing results to a file in some other format

ExtentReports and HTML

  • ExtentReports is a Web Page building framework
    • Fairly easy to use
    • Open Source Reporting Library
    • Used with JUnit or TestNG testing
    • Works well with Selenium testing in Java

Install ExtentReports

  • Download the ExtentReports zip file and extract it
  • Install the ExtentReports jar file and the lib jar files into the Eclipse Build Path for your Selenium Project
    • Or the build path for the IDE that you are using

Using ExtentReports

  • The first task is to create a ExtentReport object
    • It will be used by the various tests
    • Generally in a single test class new report entries are appended to the report
public class ExtentReportsTest {

	// create the extent report with a file path, to append to the file
        // a parameter can also be put in to force the newest tests to be first
	ExtentReports extent;

	@Before // could use an @BeforeClass instead
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		extent = new ExtentReports("some file path\\extentreport1.html", false);
  • Configure the report
    • Look at the classes in the JavaDocs to see the various configurations

	@Before // could use an @BeforeClass instead
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		extent = new ExtentReports("some file path\\extentreport1.html", false);
		extent.config().documentTitle("Test on AJAX and other tests");
		extent.config().reportHeadline("This is the headline");
		extent.config().reportName("The Report Name");
  • Start the test report entry within each @Test method
    • The @Test methods are JUnit annotated methods
	@Test
	public void testAjaxWaitForElementPresent() throws Exception {
		ExtentTest test = extent.startTest("TestAjaxWaitForElement", "A test of Ajax creating an element");
  • Within each @Test method log test results to the report
    • Note that if the Assert statement fails in this case it jumps to the catch statement
    • It skips over the LogStatus.PASS statement
		try {
			
			assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("BODY")).getText()
					.matches("^[\\s\\S]*response from Servletxx[\\s\\S]*$"));
			test.log(LogStatus.PASS, "Step Name", "Test Passed");
		} catch (Error e) {
			test.log(LogStatus.FAIL, "Step Name", "Error in AJAX, AJAX did not build page correctly");
		}
  • Add a screenshot if so desired
    • Note that the screenshot is taken by Selenium
      • Then passed into the report log
        • This takes two lines of code
    • Note that the path used by FileUtils.copyFile places the screenshot into the file system
      • test.addScreenCapture uses the image in the report that is placed at the path by copyFile

		} catch (Error e) {
			test.log(LogStatus.FAIL, "Step Name", "Error in AJAX, AJAX did not build page correctly");
			File src= ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
			FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("Screenshot path\\screenshot1.png"));
			test.log(LogStatus.INFO, "Snapshot below: " + test.addScreenCapture("Screenshot Path\\screenshot1.png"));
		}
  • End the test report
    • The entire @Test method looks like the following
  • Note that this sample code was from a test that was on a web page doing AJAX calls
    • Therefore it used the explicit wait rather than an implicit wait
  • The last statement in this method is the extent.endTest method
  • Note that the Selenium driver creation code was removed from the code above
    • So that it could focus on the ExtentReports
    • It does show up however in the code below
	@Test
	public void testAjaxWaitForElementPresent() throws Exception {
		ExtentTest test = extent.startTest("TestAjaxWaitForElement", "A test of Ajax creating an element");
		driver.get("http://some url to be tested");
		driver.findElement(By.id("div1")).click();

		// wait for a div within div1 to show up
		WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30);
		wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.xpath("//div[@id='div1']/div")));
		try {
			
			assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("BODY")).getText()
					.matches("^[\\s\\S]*response from Servletxx[\\s\\S]*$"));
			test.log(LogStatus.PASS, "Step Name", "Test Passed");
		} catch (Error e) {
			test.log(LogStatus.FAIL, "Step Name", "Error in AJAX, AJAX did not build page correctly");
			File src= ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
			FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("Screenshot Path\\screencast1.png"));
			test.log(LogStatus.INFO, "Snapshot below: " + test.addScreenCapture("Screenshot Path\\screencast1.png"));
			verificationErrors.add(e.toString());
		}
		extent.endTest(test);
	}
  • The ExtentReport has been created and report entries have been logged
  • The ExtentReport must now be flushed to the disk
  • This is done in either the @After or @AfterClass annotated method
  • Note that the extent.flush is done before the fail can occur which fails the test
    • Fail seems to not execute the flush statement if it comes after it.
  • Note that this code is similar to the code produced by the Selenium IDE
    • When you export the IDE code as Java
    • Errors are gathered in verificationErrorStrings and then printed out
      • Assets that fail produce Error exceptions which can be caught
      • Then all fails are done in the @After method
        @After
	public void tearDown() throws Exception {
		driver.quit();
		extent.flush();
		for (String verificationErrorString : verificationErrors) {
			if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
				fail(verificationErrorString);
			}
		}
	}
Hands on Exercise
  • Create a test suite for the userform.jsp, actionPage.jsp and anotherPage.jsp that is on the Tomcat server
  • Create an HTML report for the tests of the pages using screenshots and ExtentReport log entries

References

ExtentReports Web Site
ExtentReports2 Javadocs

Excel Reports using Apache POI

  • Apache POI is an open source project
  • It allows the creation files that are in the various Microsoft formats
    • Excel, Word, etc.
  • It is used with Java programming

Install Apache POI

  • download the POI zip file from Apache POI download page
  • Unzip the zip file to get the POI folder (i.e. poi-3.13 or similar)
  • Open Eclipse
  • In the Selenium project that will use POI go into "Configure Build Path"
  • Using "Add External Jars" add the poi jars as well as the jars in lib and ooxml-lib
    • Make sure that jars that are added do not duplicate any jars already in the External Jars
    • Also make sure that older or newer versions of the jars already present are not added
  • This completes the install of Apache POI, its classes can now be used in the project

Use Apache POI

  • Create an Excel workbook
Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();
  • Create a sheet in the workbook
XSSFSheet sheet = (XSSFSheet) wb.createSheet();
  • Create rows and columns with data in the sheet
//write a Excel spreadsheet with 3 columns
int rowIndex = 1;
int colIndex = 1;
			
   XSSFRow theRow = sheet.createRow(rowIndex++);
			
   XSSFCell theCell = theRow.createCell(colIndex++);
   theCell.setCellValue("Failurexxx");
			
   theCell = theRow.createCell(colIndex++);
   theCell.setCellValue("testUserFormFailxxx");
			
   theCell = theRow.createCell(colIndex++);
   theCell.setCellValue(message);
			
   ExcelWorkbook excelWorkbook = new ExcelWorkbook();
   excelWorkbook.saveWorkbook(wb, "File Path\\test.xlsx");

References

Apache POI Website
Apache POI JavaDocs

Other Reporting Methods

  • It is possible to create other homegrown reporting methods

References

Another reference on reporting methods
A second reference on other reporting methods
A third reference on other report methods
A fourth reference on other reporting methods

Build a report in Excel

Continuous Integration

  • Wikipedia defines this as the practice, in software engineering, of merging all developer working copies to a shared mainline several times a day
  • Jenkins is often used to implement continuous integration
  • Jenkins can be run on a Tomcat web server

References

Jenkins
Tomcat web server
Jenkins Tutorial at TutorialPoint
Maven POM Tutorial at TutorialsPoint
ANT Tutorial at TutorialsPoint
Subversion Tutorial at TutorialsPoint
GIT Tutorial at TutorialsPoint

Selenium Sample Zip Files

  • The following zip files are used in the hands on projects in this document
Selenium IDE Testcases Zip File
Web Project WAR for Tomcat Server with Examples to be Tested
Eclipse Selenium Project These are only the source files for the Eclipse Project

The code of the HTML AJAX page that sends data

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
    pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Test AJAX functionality</title>


<script>
function loadDoc()
{

	// set up to make an ajax request to a server
	var httpRequest;
	if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // Mozilla, Safari, IE7+ ...
	    httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
	} else if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE 6 and older
	    httpRequest = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
	}
	
	//define the function that will handle the response from the server
	// note that this is a javascript shorthand method of defining an anonymous function
	httpRequest.onreadystatechange = function() {
		if (httpRequest.readyState==4 && httpRequest.status==200) {
			
	        document.getElementById('div1').innerHTML=httpRequest.responseText;

	    }
	}
	var firstname = document.getElementById('first').value;
	var lastname = document.getElementById('last').value;
	var url = 'http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/ajaxResponseServletWithData?';
	url = url + "firstname=" + firstname + "&" + "lastname=" + lastname;
	confirm(url);
	
	
	
	httpRequest.open('GET', url, true);
	httpRequest.send(null);
	
	

}
</script>

</head>
<body>

<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
First name: <input id="first" type="text" name="FirstName" value="First Name"><br>
Last name: <input id="last" type="text" name="LastName" value="Last Name"><br>
<button onclick="loadDoc()">Try it</button>
<div id="div1" style="cursor: pointer" onclick="loadDoc()">Click Here for AJAX response</div>
</body>
</html>

The code of the servlet that gets the data

package com.nobleprog;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**
 * Servlet implementation class ajaxResponseServlet
 */
@WebServlet("/ajaxResponseServletWithData")
public class ajaxResponseServletWithData extends HttpServlet {
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
       
    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
     */
    public ajaxResponseServletWithData() {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

	/**
	 * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
	 */
	protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
	    response.setContentType("text/html");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(3000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        
        String first = request.getParameter("firstname");
        String last = request.getParameter("lastname");
        
        //do some work with the data here
        
        System.out.println("Firstname was " + first);
        
        //Send back a response
        String outputString = "<div>Ajax response from Servlet</div><div>Hello Glad to hear from you</div>\n<div>It is a nice day</div>\n";
        outputString = outputString + "\n<div id=\"div45\">" + first + " " + last + "</div>";
        out.write(outputString);
	}

	/**
	 * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
	 */
	protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
	        response.setContentType("text/html");
	        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
	        String outputString = "<div>Hello Glad to hear from you</div>\n<div>It is a nice day</div>\n";
	        out.write(outputString);
	}

}