Test Automation with Selenium (Java Track)

Introduction to Selenium

Selenium consists of a set of tools

Selenium IDE

Firefox add-on
Simple record and play back of browser interactions

Selenium WebDriver

Create programs to automate web browser's
There are programmatic drivers for most of the common Browsers

i.e. Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Chrome, etc.
Given the various web browser drivers - thus the name WebDriver

Selenium IDE Introduction

Selenium IDE is useful for building starting test cases or test suites

It allows recording of user interactions with the browser (Firefox)

It allows building of test cases by adding commands and HTML elements they will act upon

It allows the test cases to be run (to make sure they work)

It allows the test cases to be saved in various languages such as Java

Selenium WebDriver Introduction

Selenium WebDriver is a tool that automates browsers

Automation refers to giving commands to a browser
For example: browser open, browser go to web site page, browser give me the tags of this type, browser close.

When given the commands the browser can be watched as it opens, goes to pages, closes, etc.

Selenium WebDriver is a tool that can make assertions about web page data and tags

Assertions when using Java are from the Java JUnit modules
Assertions are questions that that can be answered as true or false

Does this web page have the following data?
Does this web page have the following HTML tag?
Does this web page exist?

Assertions can be failed

Selenium WebDriver is a tool that can put data into form inputs on a web page

Put in a username and password
Put in a search term
Fill out a profile for a user

This makes Selenium WebDriver a very powerful tool for the testing of web pages and content

Selenium WebDriver

A browser WebDriver has a set of Programming Bindings
These bindings allow a program to automate the Browser
For example the following Java code opens a Firefox browser, gets Yahoo's main page, and finds an element in that page

browser = webdriver.Firefox() # Get local session of firefox
browser.get("http://www.yahoo.com") # Load page
assert "Yahoo!" in browser.title
elem = browser.find_element_by_name("p") # Find the query box
driver.quit() # Close the browser window

There are Selenium bindings in several programming languages

Java is one language for which bindings exist

These allow a Java program to control a browser
The browser can be instructed to;

Open
Request web pages from sites
Close

Once a page is retrieved it can have:

Its elements analyzed
Its inputs filled with data (i.e. HTML form inputs)

For example a search box or a username and password filled in
The form can be submitted

References

Selenium Documentation

WebDriver API by Example

Using JUnit Assert Statements

Selenium JavaDocs

WebDriver Installation and Configuration

The following sections describe the steps to be WebDriver installed they include:

Install the Java JDK
Install the Eclipse IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
Download Selenium Java Bindings Package for WebDriver
Configure Eclipse to use WebDriver libaries in a project

A good reference for this work is Guru99.com Selenium Install Article

Install Java JDK

Go to the oracle.com Java downloads page referenced below and download the latest version of the Java JDK

Presently this is version 8u45 (make sure that you get the JDK

For Windows get the 64 (x64) or 32(x86) bit version depending upon your type of system

Is your computer a 64 bit or 32 bit computer?

Windows see Windows running 64 or 32 bit?

Mac see Mac OS X running 64 or 32 bit?

Install Java using the installer for your operating system type (Windows, Mac OS X)
Put the Java folder into your environment's path variable

Make sure you do not delete your path by mistake, it is hard to get it back

Hands on Exercise - Install Java JDK:

Using the following document install the Java JDK that corresponds to the type of Operating system that exists on your computer (Windows, Mac OS, Linux x64, etc.). The installation steps will be approximately the same for each operating system.

Installing the JDK

Reference

Oracle Java SE Downloads

Install Eclipse

Go to the Eclipse.org download page and get the latest version of Eclipse (see link below in References)
Extract the zip file into a folder in a well known location
Create a workspace folder in a well known location
- Usually it is best to create a folder and place both Eclipse and the workspace in that folder
- So that they are together
Create a shortcut to the eclipse.exe file on the desktop (at least for Windows)

Hands on Exercise - Install Eclipse:

Using the following instructions install Eclipse on your computer. Eclipse is an Integrated Development Environment commonly used by developers. Installation steps will be approximately the same for all operating systems. There is only one installation zip file for all operating systems.

Installing Eclipse

Reference

Eclipse Download Page

Download the Selenium WebDriver Bindings for Java

Go to the Selenium WebDriver download page and get the Java Bindings
- You will also want to bookmark the Javadocs page
Unzip the bindings folder i.e. selenium-2.46.0 into a well known location
- They will be imported (for lack of a better word) into your Eclipse Selenium project

References

Selenium Downloads Page

Configure Eclipse IDE with WebDriver

Launch Eclipse and choose the workspace folder you created when asked for a workspace
Create a new Java Project
Go to the Project's "Java Build Path"
Add the Selenium WebDriver JAR files to the Libraries tab
- Click on Add External Libraries
- Add all jars inside and outside of the lib folder

Selenium Java Primer

Selenium WebDriver uses a set of programmatic bindings

These allow automation of various web browsers

Such as Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Chrome, etc.

The bindings are written for several programming languages

Such as Phython, Java, Ruby, JavaScript, PHP, C#, etc.

To use Java the language must be understood
- Which is the purpose of the following References from the web
- Depending upon the programming skills of those in attendance go over
  - Classes
  - Packages
  - Methods
  - Constructors
  - Eclipse Debugging (walk through the code)
  - The public static void main method
  - Variables (Local and Class Instance)
  - Control statements if, if/else, while, for, switch
  - Standard Libraries
  - Arrays, linked lists, hashmaps
  - Inheritance
  - Method overloading
  - Selenium WebDriver Classes
  - JUnit Tests
  - Exporting Selenium IDE commands as Java

References

TutorialsPoint Java Tutorial

Jenkov Java Tutorial

Java Beginners Tutorial

Java Tutorial

Oracle Java Tutorials

Selenium JavaDocs

XPath Navigation Primer

XPath is used to navigate through elements in a XML document
HTML is a subset of XML when properly formated
XPath can be used to navigate through elements in an HTML document
XPath is used in Selenium as element locators

XPath Primer

Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheet selectors can be to locate elements

This is similar to using XPath locators

In CSS the following symbols are used:

. - this refers to a tag's class attribute

# - this refers to an tag's id attribute

Note that CSS may not work at times because the attributes will not give a unique element

For example classes may be used multiple times in a page on various tags

Note that in using CSS only the selectors are being used
General form of the selector:

css=<HTML tag><.or #><value of class or id attribute>

Example
css=input#Password[type='password'][name='Passwd']
css=#reauthEmail

References

Using CSS selectors as element locators

CSS and XPath Cheat Sheet

W3Schools CSS Tutorial

HTML Tags

The easiest way to learn/use HTML is to use online references

Here are a couple of the best ones

Look up others using a search engine i.e. Google etc.

References

W3Schools on HTML Tags

TutorialsPoint Tutorial on HTML

Set Up a Tomcat server for Testing (Optional)

Understanding the development process

It may be a good idea to have a web server

It helps to have HTML elements isolated so you can determine how to set up Selenium commands

It helps in working with AJAX elements to have them isolated

It helps in training to have a server with examples that WebDriver Or Selenium IDE can run against

Tomcat is open source and fairly easy to set up

Set up a Tomcat development web server

The web server builds and serves web pages to browsers
- Browsers - Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari, etc.
A Development web server generally is on a developer's computer
- The code base is put onto the server such that the developer can step through web pages that are built by the server.
- These days this is usually done in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
  - Eclipse
  - Netbeans
  - Visual Studio
  - Intellij

Install the Java SE JDK

Hands on Exercise - Install the Java JDK:

Using the following document install the Java JDK that corresponds to the type of Operating system that exists on your computer (Windows, Mac OS, Linux x64, etc.). The installation steps will be approximately the same for each operating system.

Installing the JDK

Install Eclipse IDE

Hands on Exercise - Install an Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

Using the following instructions install Eclipse on your computer. Eclipse is an Integrated Development Environment commonly used by developers. Installation steps will be approximately the same for all operating systems. There is only one installation zip file for all operating systems.

Installing Eclipse

Install Apache Tomcat

Hands on Exercise - Install a Web Server

Install Tomcat on Windows

Install a WAR file into Tomcat Selenium Testing WAR

The WAR file goes into the Tomcat webapps directory

WebDriver - Using Java JUnit

JUnit specifies a series of test cases that are to be run against a web site
It allows a setUp method and a tearDown method

These two are run before and after each test case in the Unit Test

Each test must be a method that starts with "test"

Assert methods are provided by the Testcase base class
Tests can be skipped by using appropriate decoration

i.e. @unittest.skip("demonstrating skipping")

Example of UnitTest

package com.example.tests;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

public class BuildFormsTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
  private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @Test
  public void testBuildFormsTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");

    // the test code goes here

  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    driver.quit();
    String verificationErrorString = verificationErrors.toString();
    if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
      fail(verificationErrorString);
    }
  }
}

JUnit has a testSuite class which can aggregate tests.

Hands on Exercise - Install Java JDK:

Go over JUnit at the the following url TutorialsPoint JUnit Tutorial
Create a test that will go to the Google homepage and check for some text on the site (assertion)
The test should have Before, After and Test methods
Create a second test that will go to the Yahoo website and check for some text (assertion)
Create a test suite that includes these two tests.

References

TutorialsPoint JUnit Tutorial

Another JUnit Tutorial

JUnit JavaDocs

WebDriver - Using TestNG

Testing code in various ways - unit, functional, regression, and integration
Use thread pools in various ways
Use dependencies between test methods, i.e. method 2 depends upon method 1 being successful

@Test
public correctVM() {}
@Test
public serverStartedOk() {}
@Test(dependsOnMethods = { "correctVM", "serverStartedOk" })
public method1() {}
...

Test Groups and group dependencies

@Test(groups = { "init" })
public correctVM() {}
@Test(groups = { "init" })
public serverStartedOk() {}
@Test(dependsOnGroups = { "init.* })
public method1() {}
...

Simple Example of Selenium using TestNG

An example of a TestNG Selenium test
Note the BeforeTest, AfterTest and Test annotations
Note the usage of the Selenium WebDriver bindings

package com.example.tests;

import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterTest;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import static org.testng.Assert.*;  //used for assertions

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BuildFormsTestNG {
	private WebDriver driver;
	String verificationErrorString = ""; //used to set up any verification errors
	
	@BeforeTest
	  public void setUp() throws Exception {
	    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
	    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
	  }
	
	@Test 
	public void testBuildFormsTestNG() throws Exception {
	    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
	    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forms Demo")).click();

	    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
	    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("Hermione");
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).clear();
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("");
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("Gran");
	    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("ger");

	    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
	      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();
	    };
	
	    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
	      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
	    };
	
	    new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']"))).selectByVisibleText("Audi");
	    driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]")).click();
	    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();
	}
	
	  @AfterTest
	  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
	    driver.quit();
	    if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
	      fail(verificationErrorString);
	    }
	  }
}

Install the Eclipse TestNG plugin

There is a TestNG Eclipse Plugin
- Install is done from within Eclipse
- See the link Install TestNG in Eclipse

References

Install TestNG in Eclipse

SeleniumEasy TestNG Tutorials

ASJava TestNG Tutorials

WebDriver - Using The Java Bindings

The Java Bindings are a set of classes and functions that enable WebDriver in a Java program
To use them generally it is best to program in an IDE such as Eclipse
When stuck with WebDriver, solutions can be found:

By recording a session with Selenium IDE and then export to Java

By building a session in Selenium IDE manually while testing each step

Does each step work?

Try different locators when the commands with locators are failing

Put in echo statements to debug

Put in pauses to see what is happening

Reduce the complexity of the HTML so it is easier to work with a page

You May need a web server of your own to test the commands

By web searches for solutions to the problem

The general steps in using the bindings are listed in an approximate order below

Choose which WebDriver browser to use

There are drivers for most common browsers
The driver can be set up in the code of a Java application
The driver can be set up in the setup method of a JUnit test (see section below)

In the image below the various Browser classes can be seen in Eclipse

Load a Page

To load a page the webdriver Browser classes have get methods

For example in the Firefox driver the code is:

driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");

Generally it is a good practice to wait until the web page has loaded before using it
- This can be done using either an implicit or explicit wait

Explicit or Implicit Wait

Mixing explicit and implicit waits can cause unpredictable waits

Explicit Waits

Explicit waits makes the web driver wait for a certain condition to occur
This can be done using WebDriverWait along with an ExpectedCondition

It should be noted that the locator is very important.

XPath seems to be a good way of specifying the locator

Note that this example is one where a page is loaded

It is not using AJAX

Example in Java

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");
WebElement myDynamicElement = (new WebDriverWait(driver, 10))
  .until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.id("myDynamicElement")));

Common Expected Conditions

Most of these work with a page being loaded

Only some of them work with AJAX

For example the title of the page will not change with AJAX

However, some elements, their attributes, or their child text contents will change with AJAX

    titleIs
    titleContains
    presenceOfElementLocated
    visibilityOfElementLocated
    visibilityOf
    presenceOfAllElementsLocated
    textToBePresentInElement
    textToBePresentInElementValue
    frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt
    invisibilityOfElementLocated
    elementToBeClickable - it is Displayed and Enabled.
    stalenessOf
    elementToBeSelected
    elementSelectionStateToBe
    alertIsPresent

See the topic further below on AJAX

References

WebDriver Advanced Usage

Selenium ExpectedCondition JavaDocs

Practical Use of Waits

Implicit Waits

Implicit waits make the web driver wait for a certain amount of time
Once set in the WebDriver it stays until the WebDriver quits

Example of Implicit Wait


import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class BuildFormsTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  
  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

References

Implicit and Explicit waits

Selenium Advanced Usage

Some more discussion and examples

Locating UI Elements

For HTML pages the elements are the HTML tags i.e. div, a, span, input, iframe, etc.
A tag usually needs to be located so that it can be clicked, have text entered, be selected, etc.
There are several ways to locate an element on the page
The most useful of these are listed below

By id

Find an element by using its id attribute
For example the html and its locator would be

The HTML:
<div id="idOfElement">some text or other HTML</div>

The locator examples:
element = driver.findElement(By.id("idOfElement"))
driver.findElement(By.id("div1")).click()

Note: pages often have the same ids for numerous elements so the use of this locator may be limited

By Name

Find an element using the name attribute

The HTML:
<input type="text" name="FirstName" value="First Name">

The locator example:
driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();

ByXPath

XPath is a very useful locator since it can distinguish most elements
For AJAX modified or created elements it works very well

The HTML:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike"> I have a bike<br>

The locator example:
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();

By Link Text

Locate a link ("a" tag> element by the link text

The HTML:
<a href="formsDemo.jsp">Forms Demo</a>

The locator:
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forms Demo")).click();

By Partial Link Text

Find a link ("a" tag) by partial link text

The HTML
<a href="formsDemo.jsp">Forms Demo</a>

The locator:
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Forms Demo")).click();

References

Selenium Driver findElement

WebDriver Commands and Operations

Firefox WebDriver Element Locator Add-on

Writing Reliable Locators

Regular expression tester

User Input in Forms

HTML Forms take input from users
In general they have:

Textboxes

Checkboxes

Radio Buttons

Select dropdowns with options

Testing these requires

locating the correct element

Entering text

Clicking on elements and options

Clicking on submit

Checking the data on the action page

The action page is the page that submit invokes

One of the most useful ways of locating an element is by XPath

# Example of entering text
driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("Hermione");

# Example of clicking checkboxes
if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();

# Example of click radio buttons
driver.find_element_by_xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]").click()

# Example of choosing an entry in a drop down select list
new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']"))).selectByVisibleText("Audi");

# Example of click the submit button
findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();

Hands on Exercise

Go to the page on the Tomcat server

http://ServerAddress:8080/Web_Project_1/userForm.jsp

Write a WebDriver program that will:

fill the username and password

Click on the submit button

Assert whether the login has succeeded

Prove that the login effects the page "anotherPage.jsp"

Handle Alerts

Alerts are handled with the Alert class

Accept and dismiss alerts

Enter Text into prompt alerts

The alert can be switched_to using the webdriver object

Example of code that popups up an Alert

<p>Click the button to display a confirm box.</p>

<button onclick="myFunction1()">Try it</button>

<p id="demo"></p>

<script>
<!--
function myFunction1() {
    var x;
    if (confirm("Press a button!") == true) {
        x = "You pressed OK!";
    } else {
        x = "You pressed Cancel!";
    }
    document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x;
}
//-->
</script>

Examples of Java Selenium JUnit Alert Testing code

package com.example.tests;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class AlertTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
  private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @Test
  public void testAlertTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Popup Window Demos")).click();
    
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[@onclick='myFunction1()']")).click();
    Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
    String alertText = alert.getText();
    assertEquals("Press a button!", alertText);
    String pageSource = driver.getPageSource();
    int index = pageSource.indexOf("You pressed OK!");
    boolean contains = index >= 0;
    assertEquals(contains, true);
  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    driver.quit();
  }

Note that when using Selenese the Alerts do not actually popup

Although they test correctly

Note that when using the Java bindings the Alerts do popup

Hands on Exercise

If possible work in groups to do this hands on exercise

Using the example code for putting up an Alert on a web page
Using the example Selenium code for testing an alert
Do the following

Write a simple set of HTML code that will put up an Alert

Put it onto the test Tomcat server

Prove that it works by accessing it

Write a Selenium program in Java that will test the Alert

Run the Selenium test against the web page

References

Selenium Alert Handling JavaScript Alerts

Interact with Popup Windows

Popup Windows can be invoked by:

JavaScript (see the example below)

Targets on a link ("a" tag)

To test these windows it is necessary to switch to them and then test

Example HTML code that will be in a popup window

<html>
<head>
<meta charset="ISO-8859-1">
<title>New Popup Window</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a popup</h1>

<h2>Please fill in the form</h2>
<br/>
<form action="seleniumTestAction.jsp">
First name: <input type="text" name="FirstName" value="First Name"><br>
<br/><br/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>

Code that pops up the window

<a href="smallPopup.html" onClick="return popup(this, 'notes')">Display a popup</a>

<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript">
<!--
function popup(mylink, windowname)
{
if (! window.focus)return true;
var href;
if (typeof(mylink) == 'string')
   href=mylink;
else
   href=mylink.href;
window.open(href, windowname, 'width=400,height=200,scrollbars=yes');
return false;
}

Selenium test code for popup window

Note that this test uses the window title to find its handle
- The window url could also be used since the driver is being asked for title (or URL) of each open window

  public void testPopupWindowTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Popup Window Demos")).click();
    
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[contains(@href, 'smallPopup.html')]")).click();
    
    String newWindowHandle = switchToWindowUsingTitle("New Popup Window")
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("John");
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();
    
  }
   private String switchToWindowUsingTitle(String windowTitle) {
      Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();
      for (String window : windows) {
         driver.switchTo().window(window);
         if (driver.getTitle().contains(windowTitle)) {
            return driver.getWindowHandle();
         }
      }
      return "Window Not Found";
   }

Node that when using Selenese the window does not actually popup

Although they test correctly

In Java WebDriver it does popup correctly

Hands on Exercise

Build a test program using the Selenium Test Code above
Test the popup window that can be seen at:

Go to http://servername:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp

Go To link Popup Window Demos

Go to link Display a Test Popup

Navigation in History and Location

Moving backwards and forwards in history is accomplished with commands

driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().back();

Cookies

With Selenium Cookies can be added, deleted, and retrieved

For example, making sure that a cookie was correctly added can be tested

The following example of cookie use is from the Selenium website

Reference See Selenium Site on WebDriver

# Go to the correct domain
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Now set the cookie. Here's one for the entire domain
# the cookie name here is 'key' and its value is 'value'
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key", "value");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);

# And now output all the available cookies for the current URL
Set<Cookie> allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) {
    System.out.println(String.format("%s -> %s", loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue()));
}
# You can delete cookies in 2 ways
# By name
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("CookieName");
# Or all of them
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

Compare Python to Java Bindings

Here is the code for testing the same page in Python and Java

The first uses the Python Selenium Bindings

The second uses the Java Selenium Bindings

Both sets of code came from using the Selenium IDE to prototype and then export to the two languages

The code was corrected after export to eliminate small errors made by Selenium in translating from Selenese

Note that both sets of code have several methods that are courtesy methods that can be used by the programmer

For example to work with JavaScript Alerts

The methods that are not test, setup, or teardown

Python Bindings code

class BuildFormsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        self.base_url = "http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp"
        self.verificationErrors = []
        self.accept_next_alert = True
    
    def test_build_forms_test_case(self):
        driver = self.driver
        driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp")
        driver.find_element_by_link_text("Forms Demo").click()
        print("going to write in text boxes")
        driver.find_element_by_name("FirstName").clear()
        driver.find_element_by_name("FirstName").send_keys("Hermione")
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").clear()
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").send_keys("")
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").send_keys("Gran")
        driver.find_element_by_name("LastName").send_keys("ger")
        print("going to check boxes")
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").click()
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Bike']").click()
        print("Going to click on I have a bike again")
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        if not driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").is_selected():
            driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Car']").click()
        print("going to select dropdown")
        Select(driver.find_element_by_xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']")).select_by_visible_text("Audi")
        print("going to radio buttons")
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]").click()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='gender'][1]").click()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("(//input[@name='gender'])[2]").click()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@value='Submit']").click()
    
    def is_element_present(self, how, what):
        try: self.driver.find_element(by=how, value=what)
        except NoSuchElementException as e:
            return False
        return True
    
    def is_alert_present(self):
        try: self.driver.switch_to.alert()
        except NoAlertPresentException as e:
            return False
        return True
    
    def close_alert_and_get_its_text(self):
        try:
            alert = self.driver.switch_to.alert()
            alert_text = alert.text
            if self.accept_next_alert:
                alert.accept()
            else:
                alert.dismiss()
            return alert_text
        finally: self.accept_next_alert = True
    
    def tearDown(self):
        self.driver.quit()
        self.assertEqual([], self.verificationErrors)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

Java Bindings code

package com.example.tests;

import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

public class BuildFormsTestCase {
  private WebDriver driver;
  private String baseUrl;
  private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
  private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    baseUrl = "http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/";
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @Test
  public void testBuildFormsTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/seleniumTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forms Demo")).click();
    System.out.println("going to write in text boxes");
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).clear();
    driver.findElement(By.name("FirstName")).sendKeys("Hermione");
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).clear();
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("");
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("Gran");
    driver.findElement(By.name("LastName")).sendKeys("ger");
    System.out.println("going to check boxes");
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();
    };
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Bike']")).click();
    };
    System.out.println("Going to click on I have a bike again");
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    if (!driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).isSelected()) {
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Car']")).click();
    };
    System.out.println("going to select dropdown");
    new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='selectBox1']"))).selectByVisibleText("Audi");
    System.out.println("going to radio buttons");
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//input[@name='sex'])[2]")).click();
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='sex'][1]")).click();
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//input[@name='sex'])[2]")).click();
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Submit']")).click();
  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    driver.quit();
    String verificationErrorString = verificationErrors.toString();
    if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
      fail(verificationErrorString);
    }
  }

  private boolean isElementPresent(By by) {
    try {
      driver.findElement(by);
      return true;
    } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  private boolean isAlertPresent() {
    try {
      driver.switchTo().alert();
      return true;
    } catch (NoAlertPresentException e) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  private String closeAlertAndGetItsText() {
    try {
      Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
      String alertText = alert.getText();
      if (acceptNextAlert) {
        alert.accept();
      } else {
        alert.dismiss();
      }
      return alertText;
    } finally {
      acceptNextAlert = true;
    }
  }
}

WebDriver - Read and Write Files

File can be written and read from within the Java Test code
The standard Java techniques of opening, reading, and writing files are used

Example of writing a file

PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter("filename.txt", "UTF-8");
writer.println("The first line");
writer.println("The second line");
writer.close();

Example of reading a file

String fileName = "c:\\temp\\filename.txt";

FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(fileName); 
    
//specify UTF-8 encoding explicitly
InputStreamReader inputStreamReader = new InputStreamReader(fileInputStream, "UTF-8");
    
try (BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(inputStreamReader)) {
  String line;
  while((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
     System.out.println(line);
  }
}

Hands on Exercise Write a test that does the following

read a username and password from a file
Use those to test the user login on the web page:

http://nameOfServer:8080/Web_Project_1/userForm.jsp

This is a page in the Web Project 1 WAR file

See the Section on Selenium Sample Zip Files

References

Ways of writing a file Reading and writing files Read a file 15 Ways to read a file

WebDriver - Parse a Web Page

Parsing a web page is done using Java code within your test
- It can be done by manipulating Strings using String methods i.e. substrings and indexOf etc.
- It can be done by using xpath or css locators with the driver findElements method

An Example of Parsing a web page to find many elements

Find all of the top stories on the Boston Globe
- Check to see if the urls have content on their pages

  @Test
  public void testPopupWindowTestCase() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://www.boston.com/?refresh=true");   
    List<WebElement> urlList = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//ul[@class=\"headline-list__list js-split-list js-add-p1\"]/li[@class=\"headline-list__item\"]/a"));
    
    for (WebElement listItem :urlList){
    	String href = listItem.getAttribute("href");
    	System.out.println("the top story url is " + href); // used to debug
        //get the pages here and check them for content with assert statements
    }
  }

WebDriver with AJAX Modified Pages

What is AJAX

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

In JavaScript communication occurs with a server

The server data is then used to modify a portion of a page

A page reload does not occur

Thus portions of a page can be modified with data from a server

Testing AJAX

Page loading does not occur

The tester must determine what constitutes a change on the page

What are the characteristics of the change

Text change?

Elements are added?

Element contents change?

Once the change characteristics are determined

A test must be devised that can recognize the changes

The test must wait for the changes to occur

Network and server delay time is possible

An Example of AJAX from a JavaServer Page (JSP)

<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Test AJAX functionality</title>
<script>
function loadDoc()
{
	// set up to make an ajax request to a server
	var httpRequest;
	if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // Mozilla, Safari, IE7+ ...
	    httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
	} else if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE 6 and older
	    httpRequest = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
	}
	//define the function that will handle the response from the server
	// note that this is a javascript shorthand method of defining an anonymous function
	httpRequest.onreadystatechange = function() {
		if (httpRequest.readyState==4 && httpRequest.status==200) {
			
	        document.getElementById('div1').innerHTML=httpRequest.responseText;

	    }
	}
        // Make the request to the server once the response occurs it will jump to the handler function
	httpRequest.open('GET', 'http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/ajaxResponseServlet', true);
	httpRequest.send(null);
}
</script>

</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" style="cursor: pointer" onclick="loadDoc()">Click Here for AJAX response</div>
</body>
</html>

Changes caused by the AJAX call are

The div tag with id="div1" has its innerHTML (i.e. Click Here for AJAX response) replaced with:

<div>Ajax response from Servlet</div>
<div>Hello Glad to hear from you</div>
<div>It is a nice day</div>

This gives a different a structure to the html of the page along with different content

How to test AJAX changes to a page

Load the page

Perform an action that invokes the AJAX code to change the page

Wait for the change to occur

Check that the changes is correct with an Selenium WebDriver assertion

Or a Selenium IDE assert or verify command (when prototyping your code)

Example of WebDriver Code to test an AJAX change

  @Test
  public void testAjaxWaitForElementPresent() throws Exception {
    driver.get("http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/ajaxTest.jsp");
    driver.findElement(By.id("div1")).click();
    
    //wait for a div within div1 to show up
    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,30);
    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.xpath("//div[@id='div1']/div")));
    
    /* code as generated from Selenium IDE was
    for (int second = 0;; second++) {
    	if (second >= 60) fail("timeout");
    	try { if (isElementPresent(By.xpath("//div[@id='div1']/div"))) break; } catch (Exception e) {}
    	Thread.sleep(1000);
    }
    */
    try {
      assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("BODY")).getText().matches("^[\\s\\S]*response from Servlet[\\s\\S]*$"));
    } catch (Error e) {
      verificationErrors.append(e.toString());
    }
  }

Hands on Exercise

Start the Tomcat server that has Web_Project_1 on it as an application

Determine how to write a test that will check for the contents of the second div tag that is a child of the //div[@id='div1'] tag

Use an XPath to do the above

Use JUnit tests to specify your test case

Write an assertion

Make the unit test both succeed and fail by changing your Java code

Most likely changing the assertion makes the most sense

See what happens if you introduce an error in the XPath

References

SeleniumEasy on AJAX

Stackoverflow on Selenium ExpectedConditions

Getting Started with AJAX

AJAX Testing using WaitForCondition in Selenium IDE

Selenium WaitFor Commands in Selenium IDE

Running WebDriver JUnit Test Suite manually

From Eclipse export the project as a Runnable Jar File.
- Put the jar file in a location that you can easily find
In Windows open a command prompt
Move to the folder that has the Runnable Jar File
execute the command java given below

java -jar NameOfTheJarFile.jar NameOfTheTestRunner

NameOfTheJarFile is the name given to the runnable jar
NameOfTheRestRunner is the test runner class created to run the test suite
- See the section in this document on Building a Test Suite

Reusing Code with JAR files

Common code used in tests can be reused by packaging it in JAR files
- For example reading files or writing files
To use JAR files
- The JAR files are placed in the classpath
- The tests can then use the JAR file classes by putting them into the -cp argument if running Java manually
- Note that in Eclipse the JAR files would be included in the Build Path for the project

Building a test suite

Java JUnit can be used to build test suites
- A test Suite runs several java files with test cases at the same time
- A Test Suite class and a Runner class are required

Example of building and running a test suite

The Test Suite class

Note that it includes two of the test cases that were already written

package com.example.tests;

import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Suite;
@RunWith(Suite.class)
@Suite.SuiteClasses({
   AlertTestCase.class,
   BuildFormsTestCase.class
})
public class JunitTestSuite {   
}

The Test Runner class

It is just a main method that will run and start the test suite

package com.example.tests;

import org.junit.runner.JUnitCore;
import org.junit.runner.Result;
import org.junit.runner.notification.Failure;

public class TestRunner {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Result result = JUnitCore.runClasses(JunitTestSuite.class);
      for (Failure failure : result.getFailures()) {
         System.out.println(failure.toString());
      }
      System.out.println(result.wasSuccessful());
   }
}

References

TutorialsPoint on Test Suites

JavaCodeGeeks on Test Suites

Selenium IDE

Selenium IDE works from a simplistic programming language - Selenese
In the IDE you can specify Selenese commands
With the IDE you can record a session using the Firefox browser

The recording is in Selense, you can then

Run the test case

Modify the recording into the test case

Save the test case as Java

The IDE is useful for:

Prototyping

Getting a quick first pass at a test

Trying a prototype and then exporting to WebDriver Java Bindings

Selenese Primer

Record a test case

Go to a website that will be the starting point for recording
Turn on Recording by clicking the red button at the top right
Record a few actions
Stop and start recording whenever you want to
Build a prototype using some recording and some manual insertion of commands

Recording a Test Case Documentation

Build a test case

Open the Selenium IDE

First open a Firefox Browser
The IDE is an Add-on to the Firefox browser

Install the Add-on if it is not already present

This will give a "Selenium IDE menu item under tools in Firefox

Click on the Selenium IDE menu item to open the IDE

Commands can be added into the test one at a time

In the command window

Hands on Exercise

Open a Firefox browser
Open the Selenium IDE (from the Firefox browser)
Get the Selenium IDE Testcases Zip File

See the Section at the end of this document called Selenium Sample Zip Files

There is a link to the zip file in that section

Extract the Selenium Testcases folder into a well known location
In the Selenium IDE open the test called testcase2.html
Run this test case and watch the effect in the browser
Change the test case so that a different search term is put into Google
Run the test and watch the failure
Fix the test by choosing a different set of links to go to

Note that you can try getting new links by recording or manually

References

Selenium IDE Documentation

Selenium IDE Command Reference

Selenium Scheduler

The scheduler came out in version 2.9 of Selenium IDE
Click the scheduler button next to the record button in the upper right
- Set up the time and test suite to schedule

Selenium with Chrome

To use Selenium with Chrome the chromeDriver.exe file must be downloaded to a well known location
Its location must be put into a system property
The Java code is changed to the following

Note the addition of the System.setProperty for the location of the chrome driver

public class BuildFormsTestCaseChrome {
	private WebDriver driver;
	private boolean acceptNextAlert = true;
	private StringBuffer verificationErrors = new StringBuffer();

	@Before
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\WellKnownFolderPath\\chromeDriver.exe");
		driver = new ChromeDriver();
		driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
	}

References

Getting Started with Chrome Driver

Selenium Grid

Selenium Grid is use to run multiple tests in a distributed environment

The computer controlling the tests is called the hub

The computers being controlled are called the nodes

Using a distributed environment allows:

Testing faster depending on the number on nodes used

Note that this is not intended to stress test as you would with a tool like JMeter

For example JMeter slave nodes can simulate between 200 and 800 users per node

Testing with varying operating systems on the various nodes

Testing with varying browsers being used on the various nodes

Testing with various test sets per node

Example of Installing and Running the Grid

Download the Selenium Server from Selenium Downloads

The hub and all nodes should have the same Selenium Server version

The download is a jar file which will be run using java

Note that you will need to have Java installed on the hub and node computers

It is best to have the same Java version on each computer

The Java JDK (Java Development Kit) is the most useful since it has most tools

It also has the JRE (Java Runtime Environment)

It can be downloaded from Oracle Java Standard Edition (SE)

See the Section in the Contents "Install the Java SE JDK"

Place the Selenium Server jar file in a location that is well known

Such as C:\SeleniumServer on Windows

It is best to place the jar files in approximately the same location on each computer

With slight variations caused by the various operating systems

Start the hub on the computer where you intend to control the grid

Open a command prompt and move to the directory where the jar file exists

Start the hub using the command java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.45.0.jar -role hub

The hub by default starts on port 4444

Check that the hub is running using a browser

The Selenium Documentation recommends turning off the Firewall on the hub and nodes

With the Firewall you may get connection errors

Go to URL http://localhost:4444/grid/console or

Click this link once the hub is started Hub Web Interface

The Grid Console runs in a Browser

The Grid Console will look like the following image once the remote host is started and it is refreshed

Check that the node computer can see the hub by doing the same command on the node

Replace the "localhost" with the IP address of the hub

Find the hub IP address using on Windows ipconfig in a command prompt

Look for IPv4 Address

Start a node computer using the following command:

java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.45.0.jar -role node -hub http://ipaddressOfHub:4444/grid/register -port 5555

The java -jar tells Java to run the main method within the indicated jar file

The name of the jar file is next selenium-server-stand...

The -role node (can also be webdriver) indicates that this is a node not the hub

The ipaddressOfHub should be the IP address of the computer running the hub

The 4444 is the port that the hub came up on, see the hub command above

The -port 5555 is the port that the node will come up on

Check that the node has registered by looking at the Hub's grid console

It should look like the prior image and show the connected nodes

Seeing the nodes and their configuration is the consoles main purpose (at this time)

The Hub's configuration can also be seen in the console

Example of a Java JUnit that is run on the Selenium Grid

To get a Java unit test to run on a node it driver code must be changed

The code as run locally is:

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

The changed code to run on a Grid node is:

Note that the IP address and port is the hub location and not the node

The hub determines which node is to be used for the test and transfers the testing on to that node

	@Before
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		nodeURL="http://10.0.0.5:4444/wd/hub";
		DesiredCapabilities capability = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
		capability.setBrowserName("firefox");
		capability.setPlatform(Platform.XP);
		URL theURL = new URL(nodeURL);
		driver = new RemoteWebDriver(theURL, capability);
		driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
	}

The command executor tells the location of the hub
The hub determines which node will run this set of tests
The desired capabilities (platform and browserName) comes from a roll-over of the browser icons in the node's Grid Console entry

For example, for Firefox roll the mouse over the Firefox icons under WebDriver in the console

For some reason the roll over says the platform is VISTA even though the node had Windows 7 in this example

Note that desired capabilities is a dictionary and therefore entries are in that form

Once this change is made to the code the code is run on the hub computer

The results (success or failure) come back to the program that is run on the hub

Not to the console window (which might be expected)

The test run can be seen in the command prompt on the node computer.
The browser window will open and walk through the test on the node computer.

The command window will look similar to the one below as the test is run

Hands on Exercise

Using the instructions above start a hub and a node and run some tests

Use the test files from the Selenium Sample Zip Files section at the end of this document

The zip file to download and extract is under link "Eclipse Selenium Project"

Use Eclipse and the files in the zipped folder EclipseSelenium.zip

Import the project into Eclipse

Use the BuildFormsTestCaseGrid.java file as the test case

References

Official Selenium Grid Documentation

Introduction to Selenium Grid

Selenium Grid

Reporting Tools for Selenium

Selenium runs as either JUnit or TestNG test
Organizing the test results is useful
Methods of organizing the results are
- Using HTML and web pages
- Using Excel
- Writing results to a file in some other format

ExtentReports and HTML

ExtentReports is a Web Page building framework
- Fairly easy to use
- Open Source Reporting Library
- Used with JUnit or TestNG testing
- Works well with Selenium testing in Java

Install ExtentReports

Download the ExtentReports zip file and extract it
Install the ExtentReports jar file and the lib jar files into the Eclipse Build Path for your Selenium Project
- Or the build path for the IDE that you are using

Using ExtentReports

The first task is to create a ExtentReport object
- It will be used by the various tests
- Generally in a single test class new report entries are appended to the report

public class ExtentReportsTest {

	// create the extent report with a file path, to append to the file
        // a parameter can also be put in to force the newest tests to be first
	ExtentReports extent;

	@Before // could use an @BeforeClass instead
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		extent = new ExtentReports("some file path\\extentreport1.html", false);

Configure the report
- Look at the classes in the JavaDocs to see the various configurations


	@Before // could use an @BeforeClass instead
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		extent = new ExtentReports("some file path\\extentreport1.html", false);
		extent.config().documentTitle("Test on AJAX and other tests");
		extent.config().reportHeadline("This is the headline");
		extent.config().reportName("The Report Name");

Start the test report entry within each @Test method
- The @Test methods are JUnit annotated methods

	@Test
	public void testAjaxWaitForElementPresent() throws Exception {
		ExtentTest test = extent.startTest("TestAjaxWaitForElement", "A test of Ajax creating an element");

Within each @Test method log test results to the report
- Note that if the Assert statement fails in this case it jumps to the catch statement
- It skips over the LogStatus.PASS statement

		try {
			
			assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("BODY")).getText()
					.matches("^[\\s\\S]*response from Servletxx[\\s\\S]*$"));
			test.log(LogStatus.PASS, "Step Name", "Test Passed");
		} catch (Error e) {
			test.log(LogStatus.FAIL, "Step Name", "Error in AJAX, AJAX did not build page correctly");
		}

Add a screenshot if so desired
- Note that the screenshot is taken by Selenium
  - Then passed into the report log
    - This takes two lines of code
- Note that the path used by FileUtils.copyFile places the screenshot into the file system
  - test.addScreenCapture uses the image in the report that is placed at the path by copyFile


		} catch (Error e) {
			test.log(LogStatus.FAIL, "Step Name", "Error in AJAX, AJAX did not build page correctly");
			File src= ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
			FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("Screenshot path\\screenshot1.png"));
			test.log(LogStatus.INFO, "Snapshot below: " + test.addScreenCapture("Screenshot Path\\screenshot1.png"));
		}

End the test report
- The entire @Test method looks like the following
Note that this sample code was from a test that was on a web page doing AJAX calls
- Therefore it used the explicit wait rather than an implicit wait
The last statement in this method is the extent.endTest method
Note that the Selenium driver creation code was removed from the code above
- So that it could focus on the ExtentReports
- It does show up however in the code below

	@Test
	public void testAjaxWaitForElementPresent() throws Exception {
		ExtentTest test = extent.startTest("TestAjaxWaitForElement", "A test of Ajax creating an element");
		driver.get("http://some url to be tested");
		driver.findElement(By.id("div1")).click();

		// wait for a div within div1 to show up
		WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30);
		wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.xpath("//div[@id='div1']/div")));
		try {
			
			assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("BODY")).getText()
					.matches("^[\\s\\S]*response from Servletxx[\\s\\S]*$"));
			test.log(LogStatus.PASS, "Step Name", "Test Passed");
		} catch (Error e) {
			test.log(LogStatus.FAIL, "Step Name", "Error in AJAX, AJAX did not build page correctly");
			File src= ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
			FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("Screenshot Path\\screencast1.png"));
			test.log(LogStatus.INFO, "Snapshot below: " + test.addScreenCapture("Screenshot Path\\screencast1.png"));
			verificationErrors.add(e.toString());
		}
		extent.endTest(test);
	}

The ExtentReport has been created and report entries have been logged
The ExtentReport must now be flushed to the disk
This is done in either the @After or @AfterClass annotated method
Note that the extent.flush is done before the fail can occur which fails the test
- Fail seems to not execute the flush statement if it comes after it.
Note that this code is similar to the code produced by the Selenium IDE
- When you export the IDE code as Java
- Errors are gathered in verificationErrorStrings and then printed out
  - Assets that fail produce Error exceptions which can be caught
  - Then all fails are done in the @After method

        @After
	public void tearDown() throws Exception {
		driver.quit();
		extent.flush();
		for (String verificationErrorString : verificationErrors) {
			if (!"".equals(verificationErrorString)) {
				fail(verificationErrorString);
			}
		}
	}

Hands on Exercise

Create a test suite for the userform.jsp, actionPage.jsp and anotherPage.jsp that is on the Tomcat server
Create an HTML report for the tests of the pages using screenshots and ExtentReport log entries

References

ExtentReports Web Site

ExtentReports2 Javadocs

Excel Reports using Apache POI

Apache POI is an open source project
It allows the creation files that are in the various Microsoft formats
- Excel, Word, etc.
It is used with Java programming

Install Apache POI

download the POI zip file from Apache POI download page
Unzip the zip file to get the POI folder (i.e. poi-3.13 or similar)
Open Eclipse
In the Selenium project that will use POI go into "Configure Build Path"
Using "Add External Jars" add the poi jars as well as the jars in lib and ooxml-lib
- Make sure that jars that are added do not duplicate any jars already in the External Jars
- Also make sure that older or newer versions of the jars already present are not added
This completes the install of Apache POI, its classes can now be used in the project

Use Apache POI

Create an Excel workbook

Workbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook();

Create a sheet in the workbook

XSSFSheet sheet = (XSSFSheet) wb.createSheet();

Create rows and columns with data in the sheet

//write a Excel spreadsheet with 3 columns
int rowIndex = 1;
int colIndex = 1;
			
   XSSFRow theRow = sheet.createRow(rowIndex++);
			
   XSSFCell theCell = theRow.createCell(colIndex++);
   theCell.setCellValue("Failurexxx");
			
   theCell = theRow.createCell(colIndex++);
   theCell.setCellValue("testUserFormFailxxx");
			
   theCell = theRow.createCell(colIndex++);
   theCell.setCellValue(message);
			
   ExcelWorkbook excelWorkbook = new ExcelWorkbook();
   excelWorkbook.saveWorkbook(wb, "File Path\\test.xlsx");

References

Apache POI Website

Apache POI JavaDocs

Other Reporting Methods

It is possible to create other homegrown reporting methods

References

Another reference on reporting methods

A second reference on other reporting methods

A third reference on other report methods

A fourth reference on other reporting methods

Build a report in Excel

Continuous Integration

Wikipedia defines this as the practice, in software engineering, of merging all developer working copies to a shared mainline several times a day
Jenkins is often used to implement continuous integration
Jenkins can be run on a Tomcat web server

References

Jenkins

Tomcat web server

Jenkins Tutorial at TutorialPoint

Maven POM Tutorial at TutorialsPoint

ANT Tutorial at TutorialsPoint

Subversion Tutorial at TutorialsPoint

GIT Tutorial at TutorialsPoint

Selenium Sample Zip Files

The following zip files are used in the hands on projects in this document

Selenium IDE Testcases Zip File

Web Project WAR for Tomcat Server with Examples to be Tested

Eclipse Selenium Project These are only the source files for the Eclipse Project

The code of the HTML AJAX page that sends data

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
    pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Test AJAX functionality</title>


<script>
function loadDoc()
{

	// set up to make an ajax request to a server
	var httpRequest;
	if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // Mozilla, Safari, IE7+ ...
	    httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
	} else if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE 6 and older
	    httpRequest = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
	}
	
	//define the function that will handle the response from the server
	// note that this is a javascript shorthand method of defining an anonymous function
	httpRequest.onreadystatechange = function() {
		if (httpRequest.readyState==4 && httpRequest.status==200) {
			
	        document.getElementById('div1').innerHTML=httpRequest.responseText;

	    }
	}
	var firstname = document.getElementById('first').value;
	var lastname = document.getElementById('last').value;
	var url = 'http://localhost:8080/Web_Project_1/ajaxResponseServletWithData?';
	url = url + "firstname=" + firstname + "&" + "lastname=" + lastname;
	confirm(url);
	
	
	
	httpRequest.open('GET', url, true);
	httpRequest.send(null);
	
	

}
</script>

</head>
<body>

<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
First name: <input id="first" type="text" name="FirstName" value="First Name"><br>
Last name: <input id="last" type="text" name="LastName" value="Last Name"><br>
<button onclick="loadDoc()">Try it</button>
<div id="div1" style="cursor: pointer" onclick="loadDoc()">Click Here for AJAX response</div>
</body>
</html>

The code of the servlet that gets the data

package com.nobleprog;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**
 * Servlet implementation class ajaxResponseServlet
 */
@WebServlet("/ajaxResponseServletWithData")
public class ajaxResponseServletWithData extends HttpServlet {
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
       
    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
     */
    public ajaxResponseServletWithData() {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

	/**
	 * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
	 */
	protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
	    response.setContentType("text/html");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(3000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        
        String first = request.getParameter("firstname");
        String last = request.getParameter("lastname");
        
        //do some work with the data here
        
        System.out.println("Firstname was " + first);
        
        //Send back a response
        String outputString = "<div>Ajax response from Servlet</div><div>Hello Glad to hear from you</div>\n<div>It is a nice day</div>\n";
        outputString = outputString + "\n<div id=\"div45\">" + first + " " + last + "</div>";
        out.write(outputString);
	}

	/**
	 * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
	 */
	protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
	        response.setContentType("text/html");
	        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
	        String outputString = "<div>Hello Glad to hear from you</div>\n<div>It is a nice day</div>\n";
	        out.write(outputString);
	}

}

Test Automation with Selenium (Java Track)

Introduction to Selenium

Selenium IDE Introduction

Selenium WebDriver Introduction

Selenium WebDriver

WebDriver Installation and Configuration

Install Java JDK

Install Eclipse

Download the Selenium WebDriver Bindings for Java

Configure Eclipse IDE with WebDriver

Selenium Java Primer

XPath Navigation Primer

Cascading Style Sheets

HTML Tags

Set Up a Tomcat server for Testing (Optional)

Set up a Tomcat development web server

Install the Java SE JDK

Install Eclipse IDE

Install Apache Tomcat

WebDriver - Using Java JUnit

WebDriver - Using TestNG

Simple Example of Selenium using TestNG

Install the Eclipse TestNG plugin

WebDriver - Using The Java Bindings

Choose which WebDriver browser to use

Load a Page

Explicit or Implicit Wait

Locating UI Elements

By id

By Name

ByXPath

By Link Text

By Partial Link Text

User Input in Forms

Handle Alerts

Interact with Popup Windows

Navigation in History and Location

Cookies

Compare Python to Java Bindings

WebDriver - Read and Write Files

WebDriver - Parse a Web Page

WebDriver with AJAX Modified Pages

Running WebDriver JUnit Test Suite manually

Reusing Code with JAR files

Building a test suite

Selenium IDE

Record a test case

Build a test case

Selenium Scheduler

Selenium with Chrome

Selenium Grid

Example of Installing and Running the Grid

Example of a Java JUnit that is run on the Selenium Grid

Reporting Tools for Selenium

ExtentReports and HTML

Excel Reports using Apache POI

Other Reporting Methods

Continuous Integration

Selenium Sample Zip Files

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