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LPIC-101
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<slideshow style="nobleprog" headingmark="⌘" incmark="⌘" scaled="false" font="Trebuchet MS" >
;title: LPIC-101
;author: <br/><br/>Tytus Kurek (NobleProg)
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{{Can I use your material}} 

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===What does Linux mean?⌘===

<center>[[File:LPIC-102-01.png|450px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/512px-Tux.svg.png</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

<br /><center><big><big><big><big>'''LINUX = LINUs' uniX'''</big></big></big></big></center><br />

===Outline⌘===

* '''First Day''':
** '''Session I''':
*** Introduction to the course
** '''Session II''':
*** Topic 101: System Architecture
** '''Session III''':
*** Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management
** '''Session IV''':
*** Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management

===Outline #2⌘===

* '''Second Day''':
** '''Session I''':
*** Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands
** '''Session II''':
*** Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands
** '''Session III''':
*** Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
** '''Session IV''':
*** Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

==First Day - Session I⌘==

<br /><center><big><big><big><big>'''Introduction'''</big></big></big></big></center><br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-102-02.gif|450px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://shop.linuxnewmedia.com/media/catalog/product/cache/17/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/l/p/lpic1_large_6.gif</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===LPI certification path⌘===

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-1.png|500px]]</center>

===LPIC-101 exam⌘===

* '''Detailed Objectives''': https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-101-objectives
* '''Certification Authorities''':
** PearsonVUE: http://www.pearsonvue.com/
** Prometric: https://www.prometric.com/en-us/Pages/home.aspx
* '''Exam Cost''': 188$ (prizes in local currency updated on a daily basis)
* '''Exam Duration''': 90m (60 questions)
* '''Exam Passing Score''': 500 in 200 - 800 scale
* '''Certificate Expiration Date''': 5 years
* '''Question Type''': closed
* '''Exam Topic Weigths'''

===References⌘===

* '''Books''':
** R. Tracy. "LPIC-1/CompTIA Linux+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide". McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 1st edition
** R. W. Smith. "CompTIA Linux+ Complete Study Guide (Exams LX0-101 and LX0-102)". Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2nd edition
** A. Header, S. A. Schneiter, B. G. Pessanba and J. Stanger. "LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell". O'Reilly, 3rd edition
* '''Websites''':
** TLDP (''The Linux Documentation Project'') website: http://www.tldp.org/
** Debian documentation: https://www.debian.org/doc/
** Ubuntu documentation: https://www.ubuntu.com/
** RedHat documentation: https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/
* '''Internet'''
* '''Man pages'''

===Introduction to the lab⌘===

'''Lab components''':
* '''Laptop with host OS'''
* '''Virtual Machines with Linux on''':
** VMs: ''Ubuntu'', ''CentOS''
** Credentials:
*** admin user: ''root'' / ''terminal''
*** non-admin user: ''terminal'' / ''terminal''
* '''VirtualBox''':
** 64-bit version (click [https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads here] to download)
** Snapshots (top right corner)
** Press right "Control" key to release

=First Day - Session II⌘=

<br /><center><big><big><big><big>'''Topic 101: System Architecture'''</big></big></big></big></center><br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-5.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://eng-cs.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Computer-engineering01_Web.jpg</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

==101.1 Determine and configure hardware<br />settings⌘==

<br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-6.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Computer architecture⌘===

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-30.jpg|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3FMo-yBmdXo/TpDu9JvBuJI/AAAAAAAAADM/7d-lVx4XdQo/s1600/pcibusgeneric.jpg</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Peripherals⌘===

* '''Peripheral''' - device that is used to put information into or get information out of the computer
* '''Types of peripherals (by purpose)''':
** '''input''' - interacts or sends data to the computer
** '''output''' - provides output to the user from the computer
** '''storage''' - stores data processed by the computer
* '''Types of peripherals (by location)''':
** '''integrated''' - peripherals located inside the computer
** '''external''' - peripherals located outside the computer
* '''HotPlug''' - function allowing replacing the device without a need to reboot the system

===Linux kernel & kernel modules⌘===

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-29.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://haifux.org/lectures/86-sil/kernel-modules-drivers/kernel_draw.png</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Mass storage devices⌘===

* '''Interfaces''':
** '''SATA''' (''Serial ATA'')
** '''SCSI''' (''Small Computer System Interface'') 
** '''SAS''' (''Serial Attached SCSI'')
** '''USB''' (''Universal Serial Bus'')
* '''Naming convention''':
** starts with '''sd''' (for ''Scsi Device'')
** followed by '''a-ZZ''' representing an order in which the device is found
** ends with '''1-63''' representing partition number
* '''Partition types''':
** '''primary''' - 4 per disk
** '''extended''' - 1 per disk
** '''logical''' - 59 per disk

===Hardware management⌘===

* '''Management tools''':
** '''lspci''' - displays devices connected to PCI bus
** '''lsusb''' - displays devices connected to USB bus
** '''lsmod''' - displays loaded kernel modules
** '''modprobe''' - adds / removes kernel modules
* '''Virtual filesystems''':
** '''/dev''' (''devfs'') - contains device files for all the devices
** '''/proc''' (''procfs'') - contains files defining runtime kernel parameters
** '''/sys''' (''sysfs'') - contains files representing kernel objects, their attributes and relations
** '''/tmp''' (''tmpfs'') - contains temporary system files
* '''Lab Exercise 101.1'''

==101.2 Boot the system⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-7.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Basic terms⌘===

* '''SMPS''' (''Switching Mode Power Supply'')
* '''ROM''' (''Read-Only Memory'')
* '''RAM''' (''Random-Access Memory'')
* '''BIOS''' (''Basic Input/Output System'')
* '''UEFI''' (''Unified Extensible Firmware Interface'')
* '''POST''' (''Power-On Self-Test'')
* '''MBR''' (''Master Boot Record'')
* '''PBR''' (''Partition Boot Record'')
* '''GPT''' (''GUID Partition Table'')
* '''LILO''' (''LInux LOader'')
* '''GRUB''' (''GRand Unified Bootloader'')
* '''INITRD''' (''INITial RamDisk'')
* '''INITRAMFS''' (''INITial RAMFileSystem'')
* '''ROOTFS''' (''ROOT FileSystem'')

===Boot sequence⌘===

# SMPS is turned on.
# BIOS is loaded from ROM into RAM.
# BIOS performs POST.
# BIOS checks the boot order.
# BIOS loads MBR containing Stage 1 bootloader into RAM.
# Stage 1 bootloader loads Stage 1.5 bootloader into RAM.
# Stage 1.5 bootloader loads Stage 2 bootloader into RAM.
# Stage 2 bootloader loads kernel into RAM and passes parameters into it.
# Kernel loads INITRD or INITRAMFS into RAM.
# With a help of tools located in INITRD / INITRAMFS kernel attempts to mount the ROOTFS.
# Kernel executes the "init" script.
# Init forks and executes System V scripts.

===Interaction with BIOS and GRUB⌘===

* '''F2''' - enters BIOS menu
* '''F12''' - enters boot order menu
* '''Esc''' - enters GRUB menu
* '''c''' - enters GRUB CLI
* '''e''' - modifies GRUB entry
* '''Ctrl+x''' - saves changes and boots the system

===Boot events⌘===

* '''Logging daemons''':
** '''klogd''' - logs Linux kernel messages
** '''syslogd''' - logs Linux system messages
* '''Log files''':
** '''/var/log/messages''' - contains messages logged by klogd
** '''/var/log/syslog''' - contains messages logged by syslogd
* '''Management tools''':
** '''dmesg''' - prints kernel ring buffer
* '''Lab Exercise 101.2'''

==101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system⌘==

<br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-8.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Runlevels (boot targets)⌘===

* '''Runlevel (boot target)''' - defines mode of the operating system
* '''Linux runlevels (boot targets)''':
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Runlevel !! Boot target !! Meaning
|-
| 0 || poweroff.target || Halt
|-
| 1 || rescue.target || Single-user mode
|-
| 2, 3, 4 || multi-user.target || Multi-user mode with network
|-
| 5 || graphical.target || Multi-user mode with network and X11
|-
| 6 || reboot.target || Reboot
|}

===Init, System V, Systemd and Upstart⌘===

* '''Init''' - main system process executed by kernel
* '''System V''' - defines an order in which startup scripts are executed
* '''Systemd''' - System V descendant (adopted by leading distributions)
* '''Upstart''' - System V descendant (adopted by Ubuntu up to Wily release)
* Both Systemd and Upstart fix the problem of fixed order in System V

===Runlevels management⌘===

* '''Management tools''':
** '''runlevel''' - displays current runlevel
** '''init''' - changes current runlevel once
** '''telinit''' - changes current runlevel once
** '''shutdown''' - brings the system down and powers the computer off
** '''halt''' - brings the system down
** '''poweroff''' - stops the system (symlink to ''halt'')
** '''reboot''' - reboots the system
** '''wall''' - sends notification to logged in users
* '''Configuration files''':
** '''/etc/inittab''' - contains information regarding default runlevel
** '''/etc/init.d/*''' - system processes start-stop scripts

===Boot targets management⌘===

* '''Management tools''':
** '''systemctl isolate <boot.target>''' - changes "runlevel" temporarily
** '''systemctl <enable / disable> <boot.target>''' - enables / disables "runlevel"
** '''systemctl set-default <boot.target>''' - changes "runlevel" permanently
* '''Configuration files''':
** '''/etc/systemd''' - systemd configuration
** '''/usr/lib/systemd''' - units configuration
* '''Lab Exercise 101.3'''

=First Day - Sessions III and IV⌘=

<br /><center><big><big><big><big>'''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management'''</big></big></big></big></center><br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-4.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5KVKyErsMGM/UVd6ULXS26I/AAAAAAAAHdk/anhTsMDFDgE/s1600/package-managers.png</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

==102.1 Design hard disk layout⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-9.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Disk partitioning⌘===

* '''Basic terms''':
** '''Partition''' - logical storage unit on the hard disk
** '''Mount point''' - directory in the filesystem on which an additional filesystem is mounted
** '''Boot flag''' - 1-bit value in partition table used by Windows-type boot loader to elect bootable partition
** '''Swap''' - storage space used when the systems runs out of RAM space
** '''LVM''' (''Logical Volume Manager'') - high-end disks and partitions manager
* '''Designing disk layout''':
*# Should I partition my disk or install the system on the entire disk without partitioning?
*# Should I use the default settings when partitioning the disk or should I do it manually?
*# Should I use high-end disks and partitions manager like LVM or not?
*# How much Swap space should I allocate for the system?
*# Which directories in the filesystem should I place on separate partitions?
*# What should be the size of each partition?

===CHS (Cylinder-Head-Sector)⌘===

* '''HDD is a block device with a block size of 512 bytes (aka sector).'''

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-31.JPG|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://www.datadoctor.biz/images/chap2-page16-img1.JPG</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

* '''Lab Exercise 102.1'''

==102.2 Install a boot manager⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-10.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===GRUB configuration⌘===

* '''GRUB 1''':
** '''/boot/grub/menu.lst''' - main configuration file
* '''GRUB 2''':
** '''/boot/grub/grub.cfg''' - main configuration file
** '''/etc/grub.d/*''' - GRUB 2 templates
** '''/etc/default/grub''' - GRUB settings
** '''update-grub''' - generates ''/boot/grub/grub.cfg'' file
** '''grub-mkconfig''' - generates GRUB 2 configuration file
** Full documentation available at [http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html GNU GRUB Manual 2.00]

===GRUB installation⌘===

* '''GRUB 1''':
 # grub                         # runs GRUB CLI
 > root (hdX,Y)                 # specifies rootfs location
 > setup (hdX)                  # installs GRUB into the first sector of specified disk
* '''GRUB 2''':
 # grub-install /dev/sdX        # installs GRUB into the first sector of specified disk

===Superblocks⌘===

* '''Basic terms''':
** '''Filesystem''' - controls how the data is stored and retrieved from the mass storage
** '''Metadata''' - stores structural information about the filesystem
** '''Superblock''' - metadata structure used to store information about:
*** filesystem type
*** filesystem size
*** filesystem status
*** other metadata structures
* '''Basic commands''':
** '''dumpe2fs [filesystem] | grep -i superblock''' - displays location of primary and backup superblocks
** '''fsck -b [location] [filesystem]''' - attempts to repair the filesystem using the alternative superblock
* '''Lab Exercise 102.2'''

==102.3 Manage shared libraries⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-11.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Shared libraries⌘===

* '''Shared library''' - libraries loaded by the program during its startup
* '''Naming convention''':
 lib[library name].so.[version]
* '''Shared libraries location''':
** '''/lib''' - primary hierarchy
** '''/lib64''' - primary hierarchy (64-bit libraries)
** '''/usr/lib''' - secondary hierarchy
** '''/usr/lib64''' - secondary hierarchy (64-bit libraries)
** '''/usr/local/lib''' - tertiary hierarchy
** '''/usr/local/lib64''' - tertiary hierarchy (64-bit libraries)
** '''/*/lib''' - other locations
** '''/*/lib64''' - other locations (64-bit libraries)

===Shared libraries management⌘===

* '''Configuration files''':
** '''/etc/ld.so.conf''' - contains new-line separated list of directories in which to look for shared libraries
** '''/etc/ld.so.cache''' - contains an ordered list of candidate libraries
* '''Management tools''':
** '''ldd''' - lists shared library dependencies for the binary
** '''ldconfig''' - creates ''/etc/ld.so.cache'' file based on the ''/etc/ld.so.conf'' file
* '''Environmental variables''':
** '''LD_LIBRARY_PATH''' - contains colon-separated list of directories in which to temporarily look for additional shared libraries
* '''Lab Exercise 102.3'''

==102.4 Use Debian package management⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-12.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Debian package management system⌘===

* '''Debian package managers''':
** '''.deb''' - standard Debian packages extension
** '''DPKG''' (''Debian PacKaGe'') - low-end Debian package manager
** '''APT''' (''Advanced Packaging Tool'') - high-end Debian package manager
* '''Configuration files''':
** '''/etc/dpkg/dpkg.conf''' - contains DPKG configuration
** '''/etc/apt/apt.conf''' - contains APT configuration
** '''/etc/apt/sources.list''' - contains list of Debian repositories
* '''Management tools''':
** '''dpkg''' - interface to DPKG
** '''dpkg-reconfigure''' - reconfigures options of already installed packages
** '''apt''' / '''apt-get''' - interfaces to APT
** '''apt-cache''' - interface to APT cache
** '''aptitude''' - alternative to APT

===Debian repositories configuration⌘===

* '''/etc/apt/sources.list''':
 deb [URL] [release(-[pocket])] [components]
 deb-src [URL] [release(-[pocket])] [components]
* '''deb''' - repository of pre-compiled binary packages
* '''deb-src''' - repository of source packages
* '''URL''' - URL of the repository
* '''distribution''' - release name
* '''components''':
** '''main''' - packages compliant with DFSG
** '''contrib''' - packages depending on packages non-compliant with DFSG
** '''non-free''' - packages non-compliant with DFSG
* Debian repository list generator: http://debgen.simplylinux.ch/

===Debian packages management⌘===

* '''Install package''':
** dpkg -i [deb package]
** apt-get install [package name]
* '''Uninstall package''':
** dpkg -r [package name]
** apt-get remove [package name]
* '''Upgrade package''':
** dpkg -i [deb package]
** apt-get update; apt-get install [package name]
* '''Upgrade all packages''':
** apt-get update; apt-get upgrade

===Debian packages management #2⌘===

* '''Display package using specific file''':
** dpkg -S [file]
* '''Display files installed by the package''':
** dpkg -L [package name]
* '''Display package dependencies''':
** dpkg -I [deb package]
** apt-cache showpkg [package name]
* '''Display package version''':
** dpkg -l [package name]
* '''Lab Exercise 102.4'''

==102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-13.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===RedHat package management system⌘===

* '''RedHat package managers''':
** '''.rpm''' - standard RedHat packages extension
** '''RPM''' (''RPM Package Manager'') - low-end RedHat package manager
** '''YUM''' (''Yellowdog Updater, Modified'') - high-end RedHat package manager
* '''Configuration files''':
** '''/etc/rpmrc''' - contains RPM configuration
** '''/etc/yum.conf''' - contains YUM configuration
** '''/etc/yum.repos.d''' - contains list of RedHat repositories
* '''Management tools''':
** '''rpm''' - interface to RPM
** '''yum''' - interface to YUM
** '''rpm2cpio''' - converts rpm package to cpio archive
** '''yumdownloader''' - downloads rpm package from yum repository

===RedHat repositories configuration⌘===

* '''/etc/yum.repos.d''':
 [section]
 name=[name]
 baseurl=[URL]
 enabled=[0-1]
 gpgcheck=[0-1]
 gpgkey=[URL]
* '''section''' - specifies repository ID
* '''name''' - specifies human-readable repository name
* '''baseurl''' - URL of the repository
* '''enabled''' - disables / enables the repository
* '''gpgcheck''' - disables / enables GPG signature-checking during packages installation
* '''gpgkey''' - specifies location of repository public key

===RedHat packages management⌘===

* '''Install package''':
** rpm -i [rpm package]
** yum install [package name]
* '''Uninstall package''':
** rpm -e [package name]
** yum remove [package name]
* '''Upgrade package''':
** rpm -U [rpm package]
** yum update [package name]
* '''Upgrade all packages''':
** yum update

===RedHat packages management #2⌘===

* '''Display package using specific file''':
** rpm -qf [file]
* '''Display files installed by the package''':
** rpm -ql [package name]
* '''Display package dependencies''':
** rpm -qR [rpm package]
* '''Display package version''':
** rpm -qa [package name]
* '''Lab Exercise 102.5'''

=Second Day - Sessions I and II⌘=

<br /><center><big><big><big><big>'''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands'''</big></big></big></big></center><br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-3.jpg|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://www.pihomeserver.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/rm2.jpg</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

==103.1 Work on the command line⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-14.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Linux shell⌘===

* '''Shell''' - command-line interpreter that provides traditional user interface to Unix-like systems
* '''Virtual terminal''' - conceptual combination of the keyboard and display for a computer user interface
* '''Bash''' (''Bourne Again Shell'')
* '''Basic shell commands''':
** '''bash''' - executes new bash process
** '''man''' - displays man page for the command
** '''uname''' - displays system information
** '''pwd''' - displays current working directory
** '''echo''' - prints into the standard output device

===Environmental variables⌘===

* Environmental variable - variable defining a behavior of the environment
* Management tools:
** '''env''' - displays set environmental variables
** '''export''' - causes the environmental variable to be inherited by child processes
** '''set''' - sets a value of the environmental variable
** '''unset''' - unsets the environmental variable
* The most common environmental variables:
** '''HOSTNAME''' - system hostname
** '''USERNAME''' - username
** '''PATH''' - paths in which to search for executables
** '''PWD''' - current working directory
** '''LANG''' - locale category

===Shell I/O streams⌘===

* '''stdin''':
** standard input
** file descriptor 0
** example: keyboard
* '''stdout''':
** standard output
** file descriptor 1
** example: display
* '''stderr''':
** standard errors output
** file descriptor 2
** example: log file

===Bash history⌘===

* '''Bash history management''':
** '''~/.bash_history''' - contains history of commands executed in bash
** '''history''' - displays history of commands executed in bash
* '''Re-executing commands''':
** '''!!''' - executes the most recent command
** '''!n''' - executes n-th command from the history
** '''!-n''' - executes the command that is n-th from the end in the history
** '''![string]''' - executes the most recent command which starts with the string
** '''!?[string]?''' - executes the most recent command which contains the string

===Linux paths⌘===

* '''Absolute vs relative paths''':
** '''absolute path''' - full path (the same regardless of the working directory)
** '''relative path''' - a path relative to the working directory
* '''Path shortcuts''':
** '''.''' - current directory
** '''..''' - parent directory
** '''~''' - user home directory
* '''Programs execution''':
** '''using absolute path''': i.e. ''/usr/local/bin/program''
** '''using relative path''': i.e. ''./program''
* '''Lab Exercise 103.1'''

==103.2 Process text streams using filters⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-15.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Filter commands⌘===

* '''cat''' - concatenates files and prints on the standard output
* '''head''' - outputs the first part of files
* '''tail''' - outputs the last part of files
* '''nl''' - numbers lines of files
* '''wc''' - prints newline, word, and byte counts for each file
* '''sort''' - sorts lines of text files
* '''uniq''' - reports or omits repeated lines
* '''expand''' - converts tabs to spaces
* '''unexpand''' - converts spaces to tabs

===Filter commands #2⌘===

* '''fmt''' - simple optimal text formatter
* '''cut''' - remove sections from each line of files
* '''join''' - joins lines of two files on a common field
* '''paste''' - merges lines of the file
* '''pr''' - converts text files for printing
* '''od''' - dumps files in octal and other formats
* '''split''' splits a file into pieces
* '''tr''' - translates or deletes characters
* '''sed''' - stream editor for filtering and transforming text
* '''Lab Exercise 103.2'''

==103.3 Perform basic file management⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-16.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===File management commands⌘===

* '''touch''' - makes files / changes file timestamps
* '''mkdir''' - makes directories
* '''rm''' - removes files or directories
* '''rmdir''' - removes empty directories
* '''ls''' - lists directory contents
* '''file''' - determines file type
* '''cp''' - copies files and directories
* '''mv''' - moves files and directories
* '''dd''' - converts and copies a file

===Archives⌘===

* '''Archive types''':
** '''TAR''' (''Tape ARchive'') - base UNIX archiving format, no compression
** '''CPIO''' (''CoPy In/Out'') - base UNIX archiving format, no compression
** '''GZIP''' (''Gnu ZIP'') - base GNU compression utility
** '''BZIP2''' (''Burrows ZIP 2'') - open-source compression utility
* '''Management tools''':
** '''tar''' - tar archive management tool
** '''cpio''' - cpio archive management tool
** '''gzip''' / '''gunzip''' - compresses or expands files (GZIP)
** '''bzip2''' / '''bunzip2''' - compresses or expands files (BZIP2)

===Globbing⌘===

* '''?''' - matches any single character
* '''*''' - matches any string including an empty string
* '''[character1character2]''' - matches any single character from character class
* '''![character1character2]''' - matches any single character out of character class
* '''[character1-character2]''' - maches any single character from character range
* '''![character1-character2]''' - maches any single character out of character range
* '''Lab Exercise 103.3'''

==103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-17.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Streams⌘===

* '''>''' - redirects output from stdout to the file and overwrites it
* '''>>''' - redirects output from stdout to the file and appends it
* '''&>''' - redirects output from stdout and stderr to the file and overwrites it
* '''&>>''' - redirects output from stdout and stderr to the file and appends it
* '''descriptor1>&descriptor2''' - redirects output from descriptor1 to descriptor2
* '''<''' - redirects the output from the file to stdin
* '''<<''' - redirects the output from "here document" to stdin

===Pipes and redirects⌘===

* '''Pipe''' - redirects output of one command to the input of another command:
 command1 | command2
* '''Redirect''' - redirects output of one command to argument of another command:
 command2 `command1`
 command2 $(command1)
 command2 -exec command1
* '''Writing to standard output and file simultaneously''':
 echo test | tee /tmp/test_output
* '''Executing command on multiple files''':
 find ~/ | xargs echo
* '''Lab Exercise 103.4'''

==103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-18.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Processes and jobs⌘===

* '''Process''' - any running program with its own address space
* '''Daemon''' - process which runs in the background
* '''Job''' - process started from the shell interactively
* '''Foreground''' - process state in which terminal input is directed to process input
* '''Background''' - process state in which terminal input is directed to shell input
* '''Signal''' - allows interaction with processes

===Linux signals⌘===

* '''Common signals''':
** '''SIGHUP (1)''' - hangup detected on controlling terminal or death of controlling process
** '''SIGINT (2)''' - interrupt from keyboard
** '''SIGKILL (9)''' - kill signal
** '''SIGTERM (15)''' - termination signal
** '''SIGSTP (18)''' - stop typed at terminal

===Processes management⌘===

* '''ps''' - displays a snapshot of the current processes
* '''top''' - displays dynamically updated list of the current processes
* '''jobs''' - displays a snapshot of the current jobs
* '''kill''' - sends a signal to the process
* '''fg''' - restarts the job in the foreground
* '''bg''' - restarts the job in the background
* '''nohup''' - runs a command immune to hangups
* '''&''' - runs the process in the background
* '''Lab Exercise 103.5'''

==103.6 Modify process execution priorities⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-19.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Process execution priorities⌘===

* '''Priorities''':
** there are 40 priorities in range from -20 to 19
** the smaller number, the higher priority
** processes started by regular users have priority equal to 0 by default
* '''Management tools''':
** '''nice''' - runs the program with specified priority
** '''renice''' - changes priority of the running process
* '''Lab Exercise 103.6'''

==103.7 Search text files using regular expressions⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-20.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Regular expressions⌘===

* '''Regular expression''' - sequence of characters which form a search pattern
* '''Regular expression types''':
** '''basic''' - Unix-like regular expressions
** '''extended''' - enhanced regular expressions
* '''Linux search tools''':
** '''grep''' - prints lines matching pattern defined by basic regular expressions
** '''egrep''' - prints lines matching pattern defined by extended regular expressions
** '''fgrep''' - prints lines matching pattern defined by fixed strings

===Extended regular expressions - metacharacters⌘===

* '''^''' - beginning of the line
* '''$''' - end of the line
* '''\b''' - end of the word
* '''.''' - any single character
* '''\w''' - alphanumeric character
* '''\W''' - non-alphanumeric character
* '''\d''' - digit character
* '''\D''' - non-digit character
* '''\s''' - whitespace character
* '''\S''' - non-whitespace character
* '''[character1character2] - any character from the class of characters
* '''[^character1character2] - any character out of the class of characters
* '''()''' - subexpression for further reference

===Extended regular expressions - alternations<br />and quantifiers⌘===

<br /><br />
* '''Alternations''':
** '''expression1 | expression2''' - expression1 or expression2
* '''Quantifiers''':
** '''?''' - zero or one occurance
** '''*''' - zero or more occurrences
** '''+''' - one or more occurrences
** '''{ammount1,ammount2}''' - amount1 to amount2 occurrences
** '''{,ammount}''' - amount or less occurrences
** '''{ammount,}''' - amount or more occurrences
* '''Lab Exercise 103.7'''

==103.8 Perform basic file editing operations<br />using vi⌘==

<br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-21.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Vi basis⌘===

* '''Why vi?''':
** It is installed by default in most of the Unix-like systems
** It can be used to edit files very quickly once learnt properly
** It is a ninja tool :)
* '''Vi modes''':
** '''command mode''' - commands are accepted and text is not created
** '''text mode''' - text is created and command are not accepted
** '''Esc''' - switches from text mode to command mode
* '''Vim''' (''Vi IMproved'') - enhanced vi program

===Cursor movement⌘===

* '''h''' - moves left
* '''j''' - moves down
* '''k''' - moves up
* '''l''' - moves right
* '''w''' - moves to the beginning of the next word on the current line
* '''e''' - moves to the end of the next word on the current line
* '''b''' - moves to the previous word on the current line
* '''Ctrl+f''' - scrolls forward one page
* '''Ctrl+b''' - scrolls backward one page
* '''number G''' - moves to the line number number
* '''H''' - moves to the top line on the screen
* '''L''' - moves to the bottom line on the screen

===Vi commands⌘===

* '''i''' - enters insert mode before the cursor
* '''a''' - enters insert mode after the cursor
* '''x''' - deletes the character
* '''r''' - replaces one character
* '''R''' - enters replace mode before the cursor
* '''dd''' - deletes the line
* '''dnd''' - deletes n lines
* '''o''' - opens a new line below the current one and enters insert mode
* '''O''' - opens a new line above the current one and enters insert mode
* '''yy''' - copies the line
* '''yny''' - copies n lines
* '''p''' - puts text after cursor deleted or copied by the last command
* '''P''' - puts text before cursor deleted or copied by the last command

===Searching for pattern and closing the file⌘===

* '''Searching for pattern''':
** '''/pattern''' - searches for the pattern forward
** '''n''' - finds next pattern in the forward search
** '''?pattern''' - searches for the pattern backward
** '''n''' - finds next pattern in the backward search
* '''Closing the file''':
** '''ZZ''' - saves the file and exits from vi
** ''':wq!''' - saves the file and exits from vi
** ''':q!''' - exits from vi
** ''':e!''' - re-opens the file

=Second Day - Sessions III and IV⌘=

<br /><center><big><big><big><big>'''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard'''</big></big></big></big></center><br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-2.jpg|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>http://www.techsling.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/computer-repair.jpg</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

==104.1 Create partitions and filesystems⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-22.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Linux filesystems⌘===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Filesystem !! Maximum file size !! Maximum partition size !! Journaling
|-
| EXT2 || 2TB || 32TB || No
|-
| EXT3 || 2TB || 32TB || Yes
|-
| EXT4 || 16TB || 1EB || Yes
|-
| XFS || 8EB || 8EB || Yes
|-
| ReiserFS || 8TB || 16TB || Yes
|-
| FAT32 || 4GB || 8TB || No
|}

===Partitioning disk⌘===

* '''fdisk''' (''Fixed DISK'') - basic partition editor:
** '''m''' - displays help menu
** '''p''' - prints the  partition table
** '''n''' - adds a new partition
** '''d''' - deletes a partition
** '''t''' - changes a partition's system id
** '''w''' - writes table to disk and exits
* '''cfdisk''' (''C Fixed DISK'') - curses-based version of fdisk
* '''parted''' (''PARTition EDitor'') - advanced partition editor
* '''GParted''' (''Graphical PARTition EDitor'') - graphical version of parted

===Creating and mounting filesystems⌘===

* '''Regular filesystems''':
** '''mkfs''' - creates the filesystem
** '''mkfs.filesystem''' - creates the filesystem of specified type
** '''mount''' - mounts the filesystem
** '''umount''' - unmounts the filesystem
* '''Swap space''':
** '''mkswap''' - creates Swap space
** '''swapon''' - enables Swap space
** '''swapoff''' - disables Swap space
* '''Lab Exercise 104.1'''

==104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-23.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Journal and inodes⌘===

* '''Journal''':
** a log of recent changes made to the filesystem metadata
** is inspected by the filesystem driver after the filesystem crash
** contains information about recently changed parts of the filesystem
** speeds up filesystem recovery after the crash
* '''Inode''':
** metadata structure used to represent the filesystem object (file or directory)
** stores object's attributes and its disk block locations
** object's attributes include ownership, permissions, timestamps, etc.
** on most of the Linux filesystems the number of inodes is fixed and pre-defined

===Filesystem integrity management⌘===

* '''df''' - reports filesystem disk space usage
* '''du''' - estimates file space usage
* '''fsck''' - checks and repairs a Linux filesystem
* '''e2fsck''' - checks a Linux EXT filesystems
* '''debugfs''' - EXT filesystems debugger
* '''dumpe2fs''' - dumps EXT filesystem information
* '''make2fs''' - creates EXT filesystems
* '''tune2fs''' - adjusts tunable EXT filesystem parameters
* '''resize2fs''' - resizes EXT filesystems
* '''packages for XFS filesystems management''':
** '''xfs_tools''' - for Debian-based systems
** '''xfsprogs''' - for RedHat-based systems
* '''Lab Exercise 104.2'''

==104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of<br />filesystems⌘==

<br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-24.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Mounting filesystems permanently⌘===

* '''/media''' - mount point for filesystems on removable devices
* '''/etc/mtab''' - contains a list of currently mounted filesystems
* '''/etc/fstab''' - contains associations between devices and their mount points
 [device] [mount point] [type] [options] [dump] [pass]
* '''device''' - specifes the device on which the filesystem resides
* '''mount point''' - specifies the directory on which to mount the filesystem
* '''type''' - specifies filesystem type
* '''options''' - specifies mount options
* '''dump''' - specifies whether the ''dump'' command should consider the filesystem for backup
* '''pass''' - specifies the order of checking the filesystems at a boot time

===Fstab - options⌘===

* '''defaults''' - default mount options (''rw,auto,user,exec,suid,async,dev'')
* '''ro''' - mounts the filesystem in RO (''Read-Only'') mode
* '''rw''' - mounts the filesystem in RW (''Read-Write'') mode
* '''auto''' - the filesystem should be mounted automatically at the boot time
* '''noauto''' - the filesystem should not be mounted automatically at the boot time
* '''user''' - non-root user allowed to mount and unmount the filesystem
* '''nouser''' - non-root user is not allowed to mount and unmount the filesystem
* '''exec''' - allows execution of programs on the filesystem
* '''noexec''' - disallows execution of programs on the filesystem

===Fstab - options #2⌘===

* '''suid''' - allows execution of programs with SUID and SGID flags on the filesystem
* '''nosuid''' - disallows execution of programs with SUID and SGID flags on the filesystem
* '''sync''' - I/O operations are performed synchronously on the filesystem
* '''async''' - I/O operations are performed asynchronously on the filesystem
* '''dev''' - interprets block special devices on the filesystem
* '''nodev''' - does not interpret block special devices on the filesystem
* '''noatime''' - disables recording of access time timestamps
* '''Lab Exercise 104.3'''

==104.4 Manage disk quotas⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-25.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Quotas⌘===

* '''Quotas''':
** define maximum allowable disk space to be used by particular user or group
** on the XFS filesystems quotas are part of the filesystem metadata
** on other filesystems quotas are stored in ''aquota.user'' and ''aquota.group'' files
** quota files need to be stored in the root directory of the filesystem
** limits in quota files are measured in 1KB blocks
* '''Limit types''':
** soft - can be exceeded, warning generated
** hard - cannot be exceeded
* '''Grace period''' - defines for how long the soft limit can be exceeded

===Quota files⌘===

* '''aquota.user''' / '''aquota.group''':
 [filesystem] [blocks] [soft] [hard] [inodes] [soft] [hard]
* '''filesystem''' - device with the concerned filesystem
* '''blocks''' - number of blocks used by the user
* '''first soft''' - user's soft limit of the blocks
* '''first hard''' - user's hard limit of the blocks
* '''inodes''' - number of inodes used by the user
* '''second soft''' - user's soft limit of the inodes
* '''second hard''' - user's hard limit of the inodes

===Quota management⌘===

* '''Quota installation''':
** '''Debian''': ''apt-get install quota quotatool''
** '''RedHat''': ''yum install quota''
* '''Management tools''':
** '''quota''' - displays disk usage and limits
** '''repquota''' - summarizes quotas for the filesystem
** '''quotacheck''' - scans the filesystem for disk usage and creates, checks, and repairs quota files
** '''warnquota''' - sends e-mail to the user which is over the quota
** '''edquota''' - edits user quotas
** '''quotatool''' - tool to edit disk quotas from the command line
** '''quotaon''' - turns filesystem quotas on
** '''quotaoff''' - turns filesystem quota off
* '''Lab Exercise 104.4'''

==104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership⌘==

<center>[[File:LPIC-101-26.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Linux permissions⌘===

* '''Linux permissions are stored in four bitarrays with a size of 3 bits:
** '''bitarray 1''' - defines special permissions (''SUID, SGID and  Sticky bits'')
** '''bitarray 2''' - defines owner permissions
** '''bitarray 3''' - defines group permissions
** '''bitarray 4''' - defines others permissions
* '''Linux permissions are written in one chararray with a size od 9 bits:
** '''character 1-3''' - defines owner permissions and ''SUID'' bit
** '''character 4-6''' - defines group permissions and ''SGID'' bit
** '''character 7-9''' - defines others permissions and ''Sticky'' bit

===Owner, group and others permissions⌘===

* '''read''':
** displaying files and displaying directories' content
** set on the first bit in bitarrays 2-4 for owner, group and others respectively
** '''r''' character on chararray's 1st, 4th and 7th elements for owner, group and others respectively
* '''write''':
** modifying files and modifying directories' content
** set on the second bit in bitarrays 2-4 for owner, group and others respectively
** '''w''' character on chararray's 2nd, 5th and 8th elements for owner, group and others respectively
* '''execute''':
** executing files and entering directories
** set on the third bit in bitarrays 2-4 for owner, group and others respectively
** '''x''' character on chararray's 3rd, 6th and 9th elements for owner, group and others respectively

===SUID, SGID and Sticky bits⌘===

* '''SUID''' (''Set User ID''):
** causes that users executing the program will inherit owner's permissions, UID and GID
** set on the first bit in bitarray 1
** '''s''' (''s + x'') or '''S''' (''s - x'') character on chararray's 3rd element
* '''SGID''' (''Set Group ID''):
** causes that newly created files and subdirectories in the directory will inherit GID
** set on the second bit in bitarray 1
** '''s''' (''s + x'') or '''S''' (''s - x'') character on chararray's 6th element
* '''Sticky''':
** causes that items can be removed by item's owner, directory's owner or root user
** set on the third bit in bitarray 1
** '''t''' (''t + x'') or '''T''' (''t - x'') character on chararray's 9th element

===Setting permissions⌘===

* '''Permissions can be set by''':
** providing decimal representation of bitarrays followed one by one (bitarray 1 optional; 0 by default)
** providing a principal, operation and characters of permissions
* '''Principals''':
** '''u''' - item owner
** '''g''' - item group
** '''o''' - others
* '''Operations''':
** '''=''' - sets following permissions
** '''+''' - adds following permissions
** '''-''' - removes following permissions

===Permissions management⌘===

* '''chmod''' - changes item permissions
* '''chown''' - changes item owner
* '''chgrp''' - changes item group
* '''umask''' - manages default permissions of newly created items
** sets permissions that we want to restrict
** default system permissions for files: 0666
** default system permissions for directories: 0777
* '''Lab Exercise 104.5'''

==104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic<br />links⌘==

<br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-27.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===Linux links⌘===

* '''Link''' - defines a referral to another item in the filesystem
* '''Link types''':
** '''hard links''' - associate multiple items with the single inode
** '''soft links''' - point to another item in the filesystem
* '''Links creation''':
** '''hard links''':
 ln linked linking
** '''soft links''':
 ln -s linked linking
* '''ls -l''' command

===Hard links vs soft links⌘===

* '''Comparison''':
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Feature !! Hard links !! Soft links
|-
| Inode creation || Do not create new inode || Create new inode
|-
| Can link directories || No || Yes
|-
| Can cross filesystem boundaries || No || Yes
|-
| Linked item post-removal behaviour || Does not change || Stop working
|-
| Notation || '''-''' || '''l'''
|}
* '''Lab Exercise 104.6'''

==104.7 Find system files and place files in the<br />correct location⌘==

<br /><br />
<center>[[File:LPIC-101-28.png|500px]]</center>
<center><small><small><small><small><nowiki>https://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-1/exam-102/</nowiki></small></small></small></small></center>

===FHS⌘===

* '''FHS''' (''Filesystem Hirearchy Standard'') - defines directory structure:
** '''/''' - primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy
** '''/bin''' - essential command binaries that need to be available in single user mode
** '''/boot''' - boot loader files
** '''/dev''' - essential devices
** '''/etc''' - host-specific system-wide configuration files
** '''/home''' - users' home directories containing saved files, personal settings, etc.
** '''/lib''' - 32-bit libraries essential for the binaries in ''/bin'' and ''/sbin''
** '''/lib64''' - 64-bit libraries essential for the binaries in ''/bin'' and ''/sbin''
** '''/media''' - mount points for removable media
** '''/mnt''' - temporarily mounted filesystems

===FHS #2⌘===

** '''/opt''' - optional application software packages
** '''/proc''' - virtual filesystem providing information about kernel parameters
** '''/root''' - home directory for the root user
** '''/run''' - information about the running system since last boot
** '''/sbin''' - essential system binaries
** '''/srv''' - site-specific data which are served by the system
** '''/sys''' - devices files
** '''/tmp''' - temporary files
** '''/usr''' - secondary hierarchy root
** '''/var''' - variable files — files whose content is expected to continually change

===Localization tools⌘===

* '''find''' - searches for files in a directory hierarchy
* '''locate''' - used to index and quickly search for files in the system
* '''updatedb''' - updates the database for slocate
* '''whereis''' - locates the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
* '''which''' - shows the full path of shell commands
* '''type''' - shows whether the command is shell built-in or an external binary
* '''Lab Exercise 104.7'''

===Certification and Surveys⌘===

* Congratulations on completing the course!
* Official Certification:
** LPI: https://www.lpi.org
** Paerson VUE: http://www.pearsonvue.com/
** Prometric: https://www.prometric.com/en-us/Pages/home.aspx
* Visit http://www.nobleprog.com for other courses
* Surveys: http://www.nobleprog.pl/te

===Questions⌘===

<br /><center><big><big><big><big>'''Thank you very much for your attention'''</big></big></big></big></center><br /><br />